The present invention is directed to compounds which inhibit farnesyl-protein transferase (FTase) and the farnesylation of the oncogene protein Ras The invention is further directed to chemotherapeutic compositions containing the compounds of this invention and methods for inhibiting farnesyl-protein transferase and the farnesylation of the oncogene protein Ras

Inhibitors of farnesyl protein transferase

PdX2L2/L/HA (A = weakly coordinating anion, L = phosphine) complexes are active catalysts in the hydroesterification of alkenes, alkynes, and conjugated dienes. Shell, the only major corporate player in the field, recently developed two very active catalyst systems tailored to the hydroesterification of either alkenes or alkynes. The hydroesterification of propyne with their Pd(OAc)2/PN/HA (PN = (2-pyridyl)diphenylphosphine, HA = strong acid with weakly coordinating anion, like methanesulfonic acid) catalyst has been declared commercially ready. However, despite the significant progress in the activity of Pd-hydroesterification catalysts, further improvements are warranted. Thus, for example, activity maintenance still seems to be an issue. Homogeneous Pd catalysts are prone to a number of deactivation reactions. Activity and stability promoters are often corrosive and add to the complexity of the system, making it less attractive. Nonetheless, the versatility of the process and its tolerance toward the functional groups of substrates should appeal especially to the makers of specialty products. Although hydroesterification yields esters from alkenes, alkynes, and dienes in fewer steps than hydroformylation does, the latter has some advantages at the current state of the art. (1) Hydroformylation catalysts, particularly some recently published phosphine-modified Rh systems, can achieve very high regioselectivity for the linear product that hydroesterification catalysts cannot match yet. By analogy with hydroformylation, bulkier ligands ought to be tested in hydroesterification to increase normal-ester selectivity. (2) Hydroformylation is proven, commercial. Hydroesterification can only replace it if it can provide significant economic incentives. Similar or just marginally better performance could not justify the cost of development of a new technology. (3) Hydroesterification requires pure CO while hydroformylation uses syngas, a mixture of CO and H2. The latter is typically more available and less expensive (for industrial applications CO is most often separated from syngas). (4) The acid component of the hydroesterification catalyst makes the process corrosive. It would be desirable to develop new hydroesterification catalysts that do not require acid stabilizer/activity booster. Clearly, any new hydroesterification technology will directly compete with the hydroformylation route. This is especially true for olefin feeds, since both processes add one CO to the olefin, yielding oxygenates that can be converted into identical products. For some niche applications, like the production of MMA from propyne, hydroesterification seems to have an advantage as compared to hydroformylation due to the high activity and selectivity of the Pd(OAc)2/(2-pyridyl)diphenylphosphine catalyst. Since hydroesterification is an emerging technology, it is reasonable to assume that the potential for improvement is greater than in the mature hydroformylation. It is therefore possible that hydroesterification will become competitive in the future; thus, continued effort in the field is warranted.

Palladium-catalyzed Reppe carbonylation.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to human health that, by 2050, will lead to more deaths from bacterial infections than cancer. New antimicrobial agents, both broad-spectrum and selective, that do not induce AMR are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a novel class of alternatives that possess potent activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and positive bacteria with little or no capacity to induce AMR. This has stimulated substantial chemical development of novel peptide-based antibiotics possessing improved therapeutic index. This review summarises recent synthetic efforts and their impact on analogue design as well as their various applications in AMP development. It includes modifications that have been reported to enhance antimicrobial activity including lipidation, glycosylation and multimerization through to the broad application of novel bio-orthogonal chemistry, as well as perspectives on the direction of future research. The subject area is primarily the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents through selective, rational chemical modification of AMPs. The review further serves as a guide toward the most promising directions in this field to stimulate broad scientific attention, and will lead to new, effective and selective solutions for the several biomedical challenges to which antimicrobial peptidomimetics are being applied.

Chemically modified and conjugated antimicrobial peptides against superbugs.

New catalytic ring-expansion reactions of strained ring (hetero- and carbocyclic) substrates reported in the last six years (2006–2012) are presented. As evident from the diversity of new approaches, this is a vibrant area of research. Metals ranging from magnesium to gold have been used as catalysts. Some of these reactions allow access to enantioenriched products by employing catalysts decorated with chiral organic motifs (primarily C-2 symmetric).

Recent Advances in the Metal-Catalyzed Ring Expansions of Three- and Four-Membered Rings

α,β-Diamino Acids: Biological Significance and Synthetic Approaches

A general strategy for the synthesis of C 15 halogenated tetrahydrofuranoid lipids from red algae of the genus Laurencia has been developed. The central step is the convenient formation of hydrobenzofuranone (±)-5 on a large scale, and with complete stereocontrol, from the acid-catalyzed condensation of 1-vinylcyclopentanediol (3) and α-(benzyloxy) acetaldehyde (Scheme II). Starting with the chiral, nonracemic (1S,2R)-diol 3, hydrobenzofuranone (-)-5 is also available in good enantiomeric purity (Scheme V). The total synthesis of (±)-trans-kumausyne from rac-5 is accomplished in 13 steps and >5% overall yield

General approach to halogenated tetrahydrofuran natural products from red algae of the genus Laurencia. Total synthesis of (.+-.)-trans-kumausyne and demonstration of an asymmetric synthesis strategy

Prenylated proteins. A convenient synthesis of farnesyl cysteinyl thioethers

A wide variety of cis-fused hexahydrocyclopenta [b] furan-4-ones (3, n=0), hexahydro-4(2H)-benzofuranones (3, n=1), and octahydrocyclohepta [b] furan-4-ones (3, n=2) can be prepared with high levels of stereocontrol by the title reaction. The scope and limitations of this powerful new method for assembling polycyclic ethers are explored in detail. Conformational analysis of potential oxabicyclo [4.4.0] decanyl, oxabicyclo [4.3.0] nonanyl, and oxabicyclo [4.2.0] octanyl cation intermediates allows the stereochemical outcome of the title reaction to be predicted

Acid-promoted reaction of cyclic allylic diols with carbonyl compounds. Stereoselective ring-enlarging tetrahydrofuran annulations

Hexaradialene: precursors and structure

Synthese de perhydro cyclohepta- et benzo [b] furannones-4 par transposition acide des acetals derives de vinyl-1 cycloheptane- et cyclohexanediols-1,2 ou directement a partir des diols et d'un aldehyde

Ring-enlarging furan annulations

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