The widespread prevalence and persistence of misinformation in contemporary societies, such as the false belief that there is a link between childhood vaccinations and autism, is a matter of public concern. For example, the myths surrounding vaccinations, which prompted some parents to withhold immunization from their children, have led to a marked increase in vaccine-preventable disease, as well as unnecessary public expenditure on research and public-information campaigns aimed at rectifying the situation.We first examine the mechanisms by which such misinformation is disseminated in society, both inadvertently and purposely. Misinformation can originate from rumors but also from works of fiction, governments and politicians, and vested interests. Moreover, changes in the media landscape, including the arrival of the Internet, have fundamentally influenced the ways in which information is communicated and misinformation is spread.We next move to misinformation at the level of the individual, and review ...

/pdf/misinformation-and-its-correction-continued-influence-and-1r5m0vnn49.pdf

Misinformation and Its Correction: Continued Influence and Successful Debiasing

Currently, production and comprehension are regarded as quite distinct in accounts of language processing. In rejecting this dichotomy, we instead assert that producing and understanding are interwoven, and that this interweaving is what enables people to predict themselves and each other. We start by noting that production and comprehension are forms of action and action perception. We then consider the evidence for interweaving in action, action perception, and joint action, and explain such evidence in terms of prediction. Specifically, we assume that actors construct forward models of their actions before they execute those actions, and that perceivers of others' actions covertly imitate those actions, then construct forward models of those actions. We use these accounts of action, action perception, and joint action to develop accounts of production, comprehension, and interactive language. Importantly, they incorporate well-defined levels of linguistic representation (such as semantics, syntax, and phonology). We show (a) how speakers and comprehenders use covert imitation and forward modeling to make predictions at these levels of representation, (b) how they interweave production and comprehension processes, and (c) how they use these predictions to monitor the upcoming utterances. We show how these accounts explain a range of behavioral and neuroscientific data on language processing and discuss some of the implications of our proposal.

/pdf/an-integrated-theory-of-language-production-and-5g9jv1yavn.pdf

An integrated theory of language production and comprehension

This paper examines the 2016 US presidential election campaign to identify problems with, causes of and solutions to the contemporary fake news phenomenon. To achieve this, we employ textual analys...

/pdf/fake-news-and-the-economy-of-emotions-problems-causes-4wu4kmkmr8.pdf

Fake News and The Economy of Emotions: Problems, causes, solutions

In daily life, we frequently encounter false claims in the form of consumer advertisements, political propaganda, and rumors. Repetition may be one way that insidious misconceptions, such as the belief that vitamin C prevents the common cold, enter our knowledge base. Research on the illusory truth effect demonstrates that repeated statements are easier to process, and subsequently perceived to be more truthful, than new statements. The prevailing assumption in the literature has been that knowledge constrains this effect (i.e., repeating the statement "The Atlantic Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth" will not make you believe it). We tested this assumption using both normed estimates of knowledge and individuals' demonstrated knowledge on a postexperimental knowledge check (Experiment 1). Contrary to prior suppositions, illusory truth effects occurred even when participants knew better. Multinomial modeling demonstrated that participants sometimes rely on fluency even if knowledge is also available to them (Experiment 2). Thus, participants demonstrated knowledge neglect, or the failure to rely on stored knowledge, in the face of fluent processing experiences.

/pdf/knowledge-does-not-protect-against-illusory-truth-4e11jui99s.pdf

Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth.

Learning from Performance Errors.

Reading is believing: the truth effect and source credibility.

Speech errors can have unpleasant consequences. Errors like Example 1 may be a source of amusement, but others may be more costly. Presumably, people have developed methods for minimizing the likelihood of errors and for minimizing their consequences. There are two general ways that errors can be minimized: errors can be edited, or the correct response can be boosted. Editing is defined as a reduction in the probability of an erroneous plan or the correction of an error when a mismatch with the planned output is detected. Boosting is an increase in the probability of a correct response. Consider an analogy to signal detection theory: The signal-to-noise ratio can be improved by boosting the signal (the intended action plan) or by cutting the noise (competing-action plans that may lead to errors). Enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio either way will lead to fewer errors.

Error-Minimizing Mechanisms

http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-4899-1164-3_11.pdf

Error-Minimizing Mechanisms Boosting or Editing?

There is a continuum of views on the uniqueness of language as a cognitive function, ranging from the linguist’s view that language involves a special-purpose “mental organ,” to the behaviorist’s view that the same principles shape all behavior. Clearly, there are both similarities and differences between speech production and other actions, such as typing, manipulating objects, and driving a car. An intermediate view is that different action systems have unique, domain-specific constraints, but all action systems are influenced by certain general processing constraints.

Laboratory Induction of Nonspeech Action Errors

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Reading is believing: the truth effect and source credibility.

Error-Minimizing Mechanisms

Error-Minimizing Mechanisms Boosting or Editing?

Laboratory Induction of Nonspeech Action Errors