Phytophagous insects of the genus Bactrocera are among the most economically important invasive fruit fly pests. In 2003, an unknown Bactrocera species was found in Kenya. First identified as an 'aberrant form' of the Asian B. dorsalis complex, it was later recognized as a new species, Bactrocera invadens. Within 2 years of its discovery, the species was recorded in several African countries, becoming an important quarantine pest. As this invasive fly was discovered only recently, no data are available on its invasion pattern in Africa. This pilot study attempts to infer from genetic data the dynamic aspects of the African invasion of this pest. Using microsatellite markers, we evaluated the level of genetic diversity and the extent of common ancestry among several African populations collected across the invaded areas. A sample from the Asian Sri Lankan population was analysed to confirm the Asian origin of this pest. Genetic data cast no doubt that Sri Lanka belongs to the native range, but only a small percentage of its genotypes can be found in Africa. African populations display relatively high levels of genetic diversity associated with limited geographical structure and no genetic footprints of bottlenecks. These features are indicative of processes of rapid population growth and expansion with possible multiple introductions. In the span of relatively few years, the African invasion registered the presence of at least two uncorrelated outbreaks, both starting from the East. The results of the analyses support that invasion started in East Africa, where B. invadens was initially isolated.

Uncovering the tracks of a recent and rapid invasion: the case of the fruit fly pest Bactrocera invadens (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Africa.

Damage incidence and interactions between native and invasive vegetable-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on high-value crops have rarely been studied, despite their threats to the horticultural industries in Africa and quarantine implications.We established the composition and host range of tephritid flies in the field and carried out comparative host suitability studies of major fruit flies: Dacus bivittatus (Bigot), Dacus ciliatus Loew and Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillet) on watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)], cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), courgette (Cucurbita pepo L.) and butternut (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne) in the laboratory. Five new host species were recorded. Zeugodacus cucurbitae was the most destructive fruit fly, infesting 17 hosts from five families, followed by D. ciliatus and D. bivittatus. Direct field damage inflicted on immature to mature crops on the plants ranged from 2.1%on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) to 66.8%on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). The most preferred hosts of Z. cucurbitae were bitter gourd, watermelon and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) (16.2, 13.3 and 12.1 flies/kg fruit, respectively). Mango (Mangifera indica L.) (24.1 flies/kg fruit) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) (14.7 flies/kg fruit) were recorded for the first time as hosts of D. ciliatus. The relative abundance index showed high variation among host species, suggesting a differential use of these hosts by the different fruit fly species. Choice versus no-choice experiments revealed a significant variation in pupal recovery, pupal size, adult emergence, percentage females, adult wing deformity and body size. These results are significant for the decision-making process for effective monitoring and management of fruit fly species on cucurbitaceous vegetable crops.

https://bioone.org/journals/African-Entomology/volume-26/issue-2/003.026.0379/Composition-Host-Range-and-Host-Suitability-of-Vegetable-Infesting-Tephritids/10.4001/003.026.0379.pdf

Composition, Host Range and Host Suitability of Vegetable-Infesting Tephritids on Cucurbits Cultivated in Kenya

Generalist predators such as the weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Latreille), play an important role as biological control agents in West African orchards and, by extension, also in forest and savanna ecosystems within sub-Saharan Africa. These weaver ants are one of the most effective and efficient predators of arthropods in perennial tropical tree crops; their presence also acts as a deterrent to insect herbivores, particularly tephritid female fruit flies, due to the semiochemicals they produce. Emerging African markets for organic and sustainably-managed fruits and nuts have encouraged an interest in the use of weaver ants. Protection of tropical forests and savannas is ecologically and environmentally crucial and also essential for the protection of O. longinoda.

The Use of Weaver Ants in the Management of Fruit Flies in Africa

Ravageurs de quarantaine, les mouches des fruits (Diptera : Tephritidae) constituent une contrainte importante a l'exportation de la mangue au Burkina Faso. L'objectif de cette etude etait d'ameliorer nos connaissances sur l'ecologie de ces ravageurs. Entre decembre 2007 et decembre 2009, 1156598 Tephritidae ont ete captures dans 7 vergers presentant 8 cultivars differents. Pendant cette periode, l'evolution de la temperature, de l'hygrometrie et de la pluviometrie a ete notee. 19764 mangues ont ete collectees et observees afin de determiner leur niveau d'infestation par ces insectes. Dix-huit especes des genres Bactrocera, Ceratitis, et Dacus ont ete identifiees, B. invadens et C. cosyra etant les plus abondantes. Les pics des populations de mâles et de femelles, apparaissent entre mai et juin selon les sites. Les femelles, presentent aussi un pic en periode de floraison des manguiers. Sept especes de Tephritidae infestent les mangues et l'incidence moyenne de leurs degâts varie entre 0% (Sabre) et 12,5% (Keitt), Keitt et Brooks sont les cultivars les plus infestes. 64% de ces degâts sont causes par B. invadens et 31% par C. cosyra. L'inventaire des essences ligneuses autour de ces sites ainsi que la collecte et l'incubation de leurs fruits entre avril 2008 et decembre 2009 ont aussi ete effectues. 105 ligneux ont ete recenses autour des vergers. Les fruits de 13 d'entre eux sont infestes par 7 especes de Tephritidae dont 6 se retrouvent aussi dans les mangues. Il s'agit surtout de C. cosyra mais aussi de C. silvestrii, C. puntata et B. invadens. Ce travail montre les correlations significativees entre les facteurs climatiques, la fluctuation des populations, et les degâts observes. Les especes ligneuses alentours sont des refuges permettant le maintien des populations meme hors saison de la mangue. Ces resultats nouveaux permettent l'adaptation de la lutte contre ces ravageurs economiquement importants au contexte agro-ecologique de notre zone d'etude. (Resume d'auteur)

Dynamique Spatio-temporelle des mouches des fruits (Diptera, Tephritidae) en fonction des facteurs biotiques et

The exotic tephritid Bactrocera invadens (syn. Bactrocera dorsalis) and the native Ceratitis species constitute serious pests and major impediment to Citrus production in Nigeria. Lack of accurate and reliable diagnostic methods independent of the life stages intercepted for both genera hampers implementation of appropriate early management programmes to avoid economic losses and delays in quarantine decision regarding these pests. We used a PCR amplification technique to successfully establish RFLP patterns of the COI coding gene to differentiate the exotic B. invadens from the native Ceratitis species infesting sweet oranges in Nigeria. The universal barcoding primer pair LCO1490/HCO2198 was used to amplify 658 bp-long fragment of the mitochondrial COI coding gene. The amplified fragment was analysed by automated direct sequencing and RFLP. Intraspecific variation in nucleotide sequences of B. invadens was very low with not more than 2 bp substitutions in four out of 31 individuals sequenced. Among the ...

https://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files/11983_Molecular_identification_of_tephritid_fruit_flies_(Diptera:_Tephritidae)_infesting_sweet_oranges_in_Nsukka_Agro-Ecological_Zone,_Nigeria,_based_on_PCR-RFLP_of_COI_gene_and_DNA_barcoding_.pdf

Molecular identification of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) infesting sweet oranges in Nsukka Agro-Ecological Zone, Nigeria, based on PCR-RFLP of COI gene and DNA barcoding

Introduction . Fruit fly attack on citrus causes economic yield losses in Nigeria. The high demand for sweet oranges in recent times necessitates the need to develop control strategies that can reduce fruit fly damage and ameliorate yield. This can be achieved by identifying the diversity, abundance and spread of major sweet orange fruit flies. Materials and methods . Surveys were conducted during the citrus fruit maturity periods of 2003 and 2006 in citrus-producing areas of Nigeria. Owners of the sampled orchards were interviewed on their cultural practices that could contribute to fruit fly abundance and spread. The fruit flies were sampled by using two types of trap; namely, the McPhail® trap with yeast hydrolysate bait and the yellow sticky trap impregnated with ammonium acetate. The traps were hung on the citrus trees at a distance of 1.8 m from the ground. The distance between trees was 25 m and the traps were replicated three times per site. Results and discussion . Fruit flies identified on citrus belonged to the genera Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus and Trirhithrum. While higher fruit fly diversity was observed in Edo, Ogun and Oyo states in the rainforest ecological zone, relatively higher populations of major genera (Bactrocera and Ceratitis ) were recorded in Benue and Kaduna states in the Guinea savanna ecological zone. Bactrocera species occurrence increased during the second sampling period. Some farmers’ cultural practices were implicated as factors likely to have contributed to fruit fly abundance and spread. Conclusion . Fruit fly species of economic importance to citrus in Nigeria belonged to the genera Ceratitis and Bactrocera species. These genera were observed in the majority of surveyed areas.

/pdf/fruit-flies-of-sweet-oranges-in-nigeria-species-diversity-1is9p3udn3.pdf

Fruit flies of sweet oranges in Nigeria : species diversity, relative abundance and spread in major producing areas

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Fruit flies of sweet oranges in Nigeria : species diversity, relative abundance and spread in major producing areas