The literature related to Borg's ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale has revealed inconsistencies about the strength of the relationship between ratings of perceived exertion and various physiological criterion measures, such as heart rate, blood lactate concentration, percent maximal oxygen uptake (% V O 2max ), oxygen uptake ( V O 2 ), ventilation and respiration rate. Using sex of participants, fitness, type of RPE scale used, type of exercise, exercise protocol, RPE mode and study quality, we undertook a meta-analysis to determine the strength of the relationship between RPE scores and the six aforementioned physiological measures. The weighted mean validity coefficients were 0.62 for heart rate, 0.57 for blood lactate, 0.64 for % V O 2max , 0.63 for V O 2 , 0.61 for ventilation and 0.72 for respiration rate. Analysis of moderator variables revealed that the following study features could account for the variation of results across studies: heart rate - fitness, type of exercise, protocol and RP...

Criterion-related validity of the Borg ratings of perceived exertion scale in healthy individuals: a meta-analysis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of visual feedback and verbal encouragement on concentric peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles of males and females at an isokinetic velocity of 60 deg/s. All testing was performed on the Biodex B-2000 isokinetic dynamometer in three sessions, separated by 7 to 14 days. Fifteen males and 15 females (age = 25.4 ± 2.4 yrs, wt = 76.6 ± 16.5 kg, ht = 173.61 ± 9.5 cm) were tested under the following conditions: (a) visual feedback, (b) verbal encouragement, (c) combined visual feedback and verbal encouragement, and (d) no feedback (control). Testing order was counterbalanced to control for possible learning effects. Two separate 2 x 4 repeated measure analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the difference among test conditions. Examination of quadriceps force production revealed that subjects generated greater peak torque when visual feedback was provided than when verbal encouragement or no feedback were provided. Similarly, quadriceps force production was greater when combined visual feedback and verbal encouragement was provided than when verbal encouragement or no feedback were provided (p < 0.05). Examination of hamstrings force production revealed that subjects generated greater peak torque when combined visual feedback and verbal encouragement was provided than when verbal encouragement, and no feedback were provided. Additionally, hamstrings force production was greater when visual feedback was provided than when no feedback was provided (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the use of visual and combined visual and verbal feedback increased quadriceps and hamstrings force production when compared to the control condition where no feedback was provided.

Effect of visual feedback and verbal encouragement on concentric quadriceps and hamstrings peak torque of males and females

Attention allocation under varied workload and effort perception in rowers

Purpose. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of small-sided and conditioned games (SSG) on the internal load (heart rate [Hr] and perceived exertion), external load (Global Positioning System variables), and lower limb power (squat jump [SJ] and countermovement jump [CMJ]). Methods. Six collegiate male soccer players (age 20.3 ± 4.8 years; maximal oxygen uptake 42.9 ± 2.7 ml/kg/min; maximal Hr 184.7 bpm) performed three 2-min bouts of 1 vs. 1 and two 3-min bouts of 3 vs. 3 format with a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1.5. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures tested the effects of bouts and SSG formats on the internal and external load and on the lower limb power. Results. The 3 bout had significantly higher Hraverage and %Hrmax values than the 2 bout (p = 0.027 and p = 0.026, respectively). The 1 SSG bout presented higher total distance than the 2 bout (p = 0.007). The comparison among bouts revealed higher values of pace and player load intensity in the 1 bout than in the 2 one (p = 0.015 and p = 0.019, respectively). No differences were found in SJ and CMJ among bouts (p = 0.981 and p = 0.307, respectively). SSG formats differed for total distance (p = 0.001; ES = 0.891; longer distance in 3 vs. 3 format), but not for %Hrmax (p = 0.953; ES = 0.001). Conclusions. Physiological and physical responses varied during bouts. Nevertheless, small differences between SSG formats were found. SSG bouts did not have significant impact on the lower limb power.

/pdf/effects-of-small-sided-soccer-games-on-internal-and-external-ams7sioilj.pdf

Effects of small-sided soccer games on internal and external load and lower limb power: a pilot study in collegiate players

The purpose of this article is to examine movement science research on personal and social-environmental motivational influences in physical activity contexts. Motivation is defined as a process in which internal and external factors direct and energize thoughts, feelings, and actions. Motivation is described as a consequence of meaning, which is derived from a combination of personal and social factors, including personal goals or incentives, expectations of personal efficacy, movement-related perceptual and affective experiences, and social and physical features of the environment. Recent literature from sport and exercise psychology is presented on these variables, their determinants, and their consequences for choice, effort, persistence, and performance behavior in exercise and sport contexts.

Motivational considerations in physical activity involvement.

This study investigated the influence of gender and athletic experience on individuals' ratings of their perceived exertion (RPE). Twelve males with high athletic experience, 12 with low athletic experience, 12 females with high athletic experience, and 12 with low athletic experience were recruited from university classes and athletic teams. An estimate of each individual's maximum oxygen uptake (est VO2max) was obtained from a submaximal bicycle ergometer test. Subjects were then presented with ergometer workloads at 30, 50, and 70% of their estimated VO2max. Heart rate readings and RPEs were obtained during each workload presentation. Low athletic experience females were the least accurate in their RPEs, followed by low athletic experience males. High athletic experience males were the most accurate in their RPEs, followed by high athletic experience females. Results indicated that differences in RPE accuracy scores may be influenced by gender but that exposure to athletic experiences appears to overri...

The Effects of Gender and Experience on Perceived Exertion

Jungian Psychoanalysis

This paper conceptualizes the analyst's capacity to recognize and engage ephemeral phenomena in the analytic setting as an essential pillar of deep analytic engagement. It proposes that the analyst's capacity to engage the ephemeral is an ongoing developmental progression which complements and deepens the other areas of analytic knowledge acquired during analytic training such as theory, technique, archetypal patterns, psychopathology and development. The paper provides a working definition of the ephemeral and focuses on the phenomenological experience of the ephemeral. It also discusses the use of reverie in ephemeral engagement and the use of poetry to develop the analyst's sensitivity and responsivity to ephemeral moments.

Whispering at the edges: engaging ephemeral phenomena.

This article focuses on understanding and working with patients who have poorly developed symbolic capacity, or for whom symbolic capacity has been disrupted due to trauma, particularly as it pertains to the use of reverie and interpretation in the analytic process. Many patients who present for Jungian analysis will initially present with deficits in symbolic functioning. This situation results in necessary limitations or modifications in utilizing traditional Jungian techniques such as dream analysis, active imagination, sand tray and other expressive art techniques. The initial phase of analytic work with these patients requires a focus on developing their symbolic capacity before traditional Jungian techniques can be utilized effectively. During the paper Jung's concept of 'the symbolic attitude' will be examined as well as the conceptual models of Wilfred Bion and other post-Bionians who outline theories and method for cultivating symbolic capacity and reflective functioning in patients for whom these capacities are impaired or poorly developed.

Working with patients with disruptions in symbolic capacity.

This study investigated the value of an imaginal rehearsal-based relaxation training technique for reducing the anxiety experienced by park ranger law enforcement recruits undergoing simulation training exercises. Twenty members of a ranger law enforcement training program were randomly assigned to either an imaginal rehearsal condition or a relaxation control condition. Prior to and following intervention, subjects were role-play tested in law enforcement stress simulation exercises. Results indicated that the imaginal rehearsal group reported a significant reduction in anxiety compared to the control group. The findings are discussed in terms oftheir potential value for increasing the effectiveness of role-play law enforcement training for park rangers.

Imaginal Rehearsal Training: A Technique for Improving Simulation Training For Park Law Enforcement Officers

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