Thermospheric wind data obtained from the Atmosphere Explorer E and Dynamics Explorer 2 satellites have been used to generate an empirical wind model for the upper thermosphere, analogous to the MSIS model for temperature and density, using a limited set of vector spherical harmonics. The model is limited to above approximately 220 km where the data coverage is best and wind variations with height are reduced by viscosity. The data base is not adequate to detect solar cycle (F10.7) effects at this time but does include magnetic activity effects. Mid- and low-latitude data are reproduced quite well by the model and compare favorably with published ground-based results. The polar vortices are present, but not to full detail.

Empirical global model of upper thermosphere winds based on atmosphere and dynamics explorer satellite data

The physical processes involved in the transfer of energy from the solar wind to the magnetosphere and its release associated with substorms on March 22, 1979, have been studied in detail by the Coordinated Data Analaysis Workshop 6 (CDAW 6). The information derived from the CDAW 6 study, as well as other information obtained from magnetospheric modeling, is used to prescribe the time-dependent variations of the parameterizations for the auroral and magnetospheric convection models that are incorporated within the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermospheric general circulation model (TGCM). The period preceding the magnetic storm (March 21) was geomagnetically quiet, and the TGCM was run until a diurnally reproducible pattern was obtained. The time variations of auroral particle precipitation and enhanced magnetospheric convection on March 22 caused a considerable disturbance in the high-latitude circulation, temperature, and composition during the storm period that began at about 1055 UT. Large- and medium-scale disturbances were launched during the event that propagated to equatorial latitudes. The thermospheric response in the northern hemisphere was larger than that generated in the southern hemisphere, because the auroral oval and magnetospheric convection pattern in the northern hemisphere were in sunlight during the storm period whereas they were in darkness in the southern hemisphere. The storm response was also different in the upper and the lower thermosphere. In the upper thermosphere the winds generally followed the two-cell pattern of magnetospheric convection with a lag of only ½ to 1 hour. In the lower thermosphere there was a pronounced asymmetry between the circulation cells on the dawnside and on the duskside of the polar cap. The circulation features in the lower thermosphere, once established, tended to persist several hours after the storm time forcings subsided. The TGCM-calculated response to the storm is compared with predictions made by the mass spectrometer/incoherent scatter (MSIS-83) empirical model. In a companion paper, TGCM predictions are compared with data obtained by a satellite electrostatic triaxial accelerometer system on board an orbiting satellite and with incoherent scatter radar data.

Thermospheric dynamics during the March 22, 1979, magnetic storm: 1. Model simulations

A description of the mean global-scale circulation in the Northern Hemisphere F region has been synthesized by collating and averaging data from a global network of ground-based Fabry-Perot interferometers and from satellite sensors. An analysis of the results obtained shows that the combination of measurements made from multiple, strategically located ground-based observatories with satellite data provides a powerful technique for specifying the mean dynamic state of the earth's thermosphere. It is also found that a three-dimensional time-dependent numerical model with appropriate inputs for mean ionospheric convection can adequately predict the general characteristics observed in the mean thermospheric circulation.

Mean neutral circulation in the winter polar F region

The generation of vertical thermospheric winds and gravity waves at auroral latitudes—II. Theory and numerical modelling of vertical winds

An overview of current (1983-1986) research on the energetics and dynamics of the earth's thermosphere is presented. The global mean radiative and thermal balance in the thermosphere is examined, and the results of experimental investigations for the low-latitude, mid-latitude, and high-latitude upper thermosphere regions are discussed. Consideration is also given to research done in the lower thermosphere, including investigations of tidal and gravity wave processes. In addition, various thermospheric models are discussed together with the results obtained by the analysis of the thermosphere's energetics and dynamics.

Energetics and dynamics of the Earth’s thermosphere

High latitude thermospheric circulation during the Energy Budget Campaign

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High latitude thermospheric circulation during the Energy Budget Campaign