An accurate and reliable Indoor Positioning System (IPS) applicable to most indoor scenarios has been sought for many years. The number of technologies, techniques, and approaches in general used in IPS proposals is remarkable. Such diversity, coupled with the lack of strict and verifiable evaluations, leads to difficulties for appreciating the true value of most proposals. This paper provides a meta-review that performed a comprehensive compilation of 62 survey papers in the area of indoor positioning. The paper provides the reader with an introduction to IPS and the different technologies, techniques, and some methods commonly employed. The introduction is supported by consensus found in the selected surveys and referenced using them. Thus, the meta-review allows the reader to inspect the IPS current state at a glance and serve as a guide for the reader to easily find further details on each technology used in IPS. The analyses of the meta-review contributed with insights on the abundance and academic significance of published IPS proposals using the criterion of the number of citations. Moreover, 75 works are identified as relevant works in the research topic from a selection of about 4000 works cited in the analyzed surveys.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/20/4507/pdf

A Meta-Review of Indoor Positioning Systems.

Localization is an important aspect in the field of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that has developed significant research interest among academia and research community. Wireless sensor network is formed by a large number of tiny, low energy, limited processing capability and low-cost sensors that communicate with each other in ad-hoc fashion. The task of determining physical coordinates of sensor nodes in WSNs is known as localization or positioning and is a key factor in today’s communication systems to estimate the place of origin of events. As the requirement of the positioning accuracy for different applications varies, different localization methods are used in different applications and there are several challenges in some special scenarios such as forest fire detection. In this paper, we survey different measurement techniques and strategies for range based and range free localization with an emphasis on the latter. Further, we discuss different localization-based applications, where the estimation of the location information is crucial. Finally, a comprehensive discussion of the challenges such as accuracy, cost, complexity, and scalability are given.

Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey on Algorithms, Measurement Techniques, Applications and Challenges

There is a growing interest in using wireless sensor technologies in various Internet of things scenarios. Considering the huge growth of smart objects and their applications, the need to collect and analyze their product data are becoming one of the main challenges. Sensor nodes are powered by batteries, efficient operations in term of energy are critical. Toward that end, it is desirable for a sensor node to eliminate redundancies in the received data from the neighboring nodes before transferring the final data to the central station. Data aggregation is one of the influential techniques in elimination of data redundancy and improvement of energy efficiency; also it increases the lifespan of Wireless Sensor Networks. In addition, the efficient data aggregation protocol can reduce network traffic. When a specific objective takes place in a specific area, it might be detected by more than one sensor. Considering the main challenges and aspects of data aggregation in wireless sensor networks, a review on different types of data aggregation techniques and protocols are presented in this paper. The ultimate objective of this study is to make the basic foundations to develop new advanced designs based on data integration techniques and clustering that have been proposed so far. Major techniques of data integration in wireless sensor networks covering ground, underground and underwater sensor networks are presented in this paper and the applications, advantages and disadvantages of using each technique are described.

A survey on data aggregation techniques in IoT sensor networks

We propose forwarding-function (FF) based routing protocol for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs): improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized depth-based-routing (iAMCTD). Unlike existing depth-based acoustic protocols, the proposed protocol exploits network density for time-critical applications. In order to tackle flooding, path loss, and propagation latency, we calculate optimal holding time (HT) and use routing metrics: localization-free signal-to-noise ratio (LSNR), signal quality index (SQI), energy cost function (ECF), and depth-dependent function (DDF). Our proposal provides on-demand routing by formulating hard threshold (Hth), soft threshold (Sth), and prime energy limit (Rprime). Simulation results verify effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iAMCTD.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1155/2014/213012

iAMCTD: improved adaptive mobility of courier nodes in threshold-optimized DBR protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks

Recently, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) present a promising advanced technology that can enhance people life quality and smartness of cities dramatically and increase overall economic efficiency UAVs have attained a significant interest in supporting many applications such as surveillance, agriculture, communication, transportation, pollution monitoring, disaster management, public safety, healthcare, and environmental preservation Industry 40 applications are conceived of intelligent things that can automatically and collaboratively improve beyond 5G (B5G) Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) is required to ensure collaboration between the vast multitude of things efficiently anywhere in real-world applications that are monitored in real-time However, many IoT devices consume a significant amount of energy when transmitting the collected data from surrounding environments Due to a drone's capability to fly closer to IoT, UAV technology plays a vital role in greening IoT by transmitting collected data to achieve a sustainable, reliable, eco-friendly Industry 40 This survey presents an overview of the techniques and strategies proposed recently to achieve green IoT using UAVs infrastructure for a reliable and sustainable smart world This survey is different from other attempts in terms of concept, focus, and discussion Finally, various use cases, challenges, and opportunities regarding green IoT using UAVs are presented

Green internet of things using UAVs in B5G networks: A review of applications and strategies

Mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) have recently launched a growing popular class of WSN in which mobility plays a key role in the execution of the application. In recent years, mobility has become an important area of research for the WSN community. The increasing capabilities and the decreasing costs of mobile sensors make mobile sensor networks possible and practical. Although WSN deployments were never envisioned to be fully static, mobility was initially regarded as having several challenges that needed to be overcome, including connectivity, coverage, and energy consumption, among others.However, recent studies have been showing mobility in a more favorable light. In this article, an overview of proposals that evaluate mobile communication in WSNs is presented.

Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Overview

During the last decade, Localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a broad topic that has received considerable attention from the research community. The approaches suggested to estimate location are implemented with different concepts, functionalities, scopes and technologies. This paper introduces a methodological approach to the evaluation of localization algorithms and contains a discussion of evaluation criteria and performance metrics followed by statistical/ empirical simulation models and metrics that affect the performance of the algorithms and hence their assessment. The major contribution of this paper is to analyze and identify relevant metrics to compare different approaches on the evaluation of localization schemes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v2i4.247

http://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE/article/download/5350/4363

Fundamental Metrics for Wireless Sensor Networks localization

Localization is one of the key issues in the wireless sensors network. Regarding the mobility of the nodes in some of the applications, it is necessary to have a localization algorithm that can support the mobility of nodes. Most of the approaches that have been presented so far have required instruments for the measurement of the distance and the angle or they have needed many beacon nodes for localization. In this paper a demand-based algorithm has been presented which uses these two techniques: the first one is using the localized nodes to localize the unknown nodes and the second one is utilizing the information from localization message by the middle nodes which are located in the return route of the message. Using these two techniques, the suggested method that called ELoc(Efficient Localization) has been able to present a higher speed and range of success, by reducing the sent messages and consequently reducing the energy consumption quite significantly. Furthermore, this method with a high ability of scalability and low complexity can be very efficient in wireless sensor networks. By using Omnet++ simulator software, the ELoc has been compared to Dv-hop and ECLS methods and it has been evaluated. The results of simulation have confirmed the above-mentioned propositions.

Efficient localization via Middle-node cooperation in wireless sensor networks

Locations of sensors in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a vital role in many applications. Regarding the mobility of the nodes in some of the applications, it is necessary to have a localization algorithm that can support the mobility of nodes. In this paper a demand-based algorithm has been presented which uses information of messages for update their tables so they can help to localize the unknown nodes. This technique suggested method that called ELoc(Efficient Localization) has been able to present a higher speed and range of success, by reducing the sent messages and consequently reducing the energy consumption quite significantly.

Message-Efficient Localization in Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks

Millimeter wave communication shows promise in realizing next generation wireless sensor networks for bandwidth demanding applications. Despite its support of multi Gbps data rates, MmWaves requires unobstructed line-of-sight and suffers from heavy path losses. Overcoming these in complex 3D environments requires sectored antenna arrays with narrow beam widths and adaptive beamforming. Therefore, network topology maps would be significant than ever in millimeter wave sensor networks. Traditional topology mapping algorithms rely on omnidirectional transmission and reception and are thus not tailored to such networks. A novel topology mapping algorithm, Millimeter Wave Topology Map (MmTM) is proposed for 3D deployments, which take advantage of the directional information available from beamforming antennas as well as their beam steering capability. An autonomous robot traverses the network recording the packet reception from different nodes along with the receiving antenna sector ID that delivers the packet with highest signal quality. The techniques used in standard IEEE 802.11ad protocol are used for the optimum sector selection and collision avoidance. MmTM is evaluated using two realistic sensor network environments and compared with prominent localization approaches based on received signal strength and hop count. The results show that proposed algorithm has a less than 0.7m distance error and more than 50% of nodes are located in the correct direction, which is 7m and 35% improvement in distance error and sector displacement matrices compared to other algorithms.

Topology Maps for 3D Millimeter Wave Sensor Networks with Directional Antennas

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