Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, as one of important polymeric materials with extensively scientific interests and technological applications, shows five crystalline polymorphs with α, β, γ, δ and e phases obtained by different processing methods. Among them, β phase PVDF presents outstanding electrical characteristics including piezo-, pyro-and ferroelectric properties. These electroactive properties are increasingly important in applications such as energy storage, spin valve devices, biomedicine, sensors and smart scaffolds. This article discusses the basic knowledge and character methods for PVDF fabrication and provides an overview of recent advances on the phase modification and recent applications of the β phase PVDF are reported. This study may provide an insight for the development and utilization for β phase PVDF nanofilms in future electronics.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/10/3/228/pdf

Properties and Applications of the β Phase Poly(vinylidene fluoride).

/pdf/piezoelectric-polymers-as-biomaterials-for-tissue-1j1q6zzp2u.pdf

Piezoelectric polymers as biomaterials for tissue engineering applications

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is known as a favorite polymer from the family of fluoropolymers due to its excellent piezoelectric properties, thermal stability, and mechanical strength. It has a good processability, and it also possess chemical resistance property to different materials such as different acids, bases, organic solvents, oil, and fat. The present study reveals an overview of the recent growth and development in the application perspective and modification of PVDF membranes, majorly focus on sensors and actuators, spin-valve devices, magnetoelectric materials, energy harvesting applications, tissue engineering, modeling engineering, and other biomedical engineering and devices. From an electronic point of view, ferroelectric polymers are insulating, polar, and possess a non-conjugated backbone; therefore, they are termed as highly insulating materials. The insulating polymers are most attractive for the study of charge transportation and storage. Such polymers also yield the best electrets for practical application because of their insulating properties and high concentration of deep trapping sites. Thus, the objective of this review is to present the physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of PVDF. This article also provides an intelligent direction in the progress of PVDF in different fields of science and technology.

A comprehensive review on fundamental properties and applications of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymers are key polymers, displaying properties such as flexibility and electroactive responses, including piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity. In the past several years, they have been applied in numerous applications, such as memory, transducers, actuators, and energy harvesting and have shown thriving prospects in the ongoing research and commercialization process. The crystalline polymorphs of PVDF can present nonpolar α, e phase and polar β, γ, and δ phases with different processing methods. The copolymers, such as poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)), can crystallize directly into a phase analogous to the β phase of PVDF. Since the β phase shows the highest dipole moment among polar phases, many reproducible and efficient methods producing β-phase PVDF and its copolymer have been proposed. In this review, PVDF and its copolymer films prepared by spin-coating and Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) method are introduced, and relevant characterization techniques are highlighted. Finally, the development of memory, artificial synapses, and medical applications based on PVDF and its copolymers is elaborated.

Characterization and Application of PVDF and Its Copolymer Films Prepared by Spin-Coating and Langmuir–Blodgett Method

This work assessed the performance of mem- branes made of natural latex extracted from Hevea brasili- ensis prepared with three different methods: polymerized immediately after collection without the use of ammonia (L1); polymerized after preservation in ammonia solution (L2); and polymerized after storage in ammonia, followed by Soxhlet technique for the extraction of substances (L3). Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane was used as control. Two 10-mm diameter bone defects were surgically made in the calvaria of thirty adult male New Zealand rab- bits. Defects (total n = 60) were treated with guided bone regeneration (GBR) using L1, L2, L3 or PTFE membranes (n = 15 for each membrane). Ten animals were euthanized after 7, 20 and 60 days postoperatively so that five samples (n = 5) of each treatment were collected at each time, and bone regeneration was assessed microscopically. The microscopic analysis revealed defects filled with blood clot and new bone formation at the margins of the defect in all 7-day samples, while 20-day defects were mainly filled with fibrous connective tissue. After 60 days defects covered with L1 membranes showed a significantly larger bone formation area in comparison to the other groups (P \ 0.05, ANOVA, Tukey). Additionally, bone tissue hypersensitization for L1 and PTFE membranes was also investigated in six additional rabbits. The animals were subjected to the same surgical procedure for the confection of one 10-mm diameter bone defect that was treated with L1 (n = 3) or PTFE (n = 3). Fifty-three days later, a second surgery was performed to make a second defect, which was treated with the same type of membrane used in the first surgery. Seven days later, the animals were euthanized and samples analyzed. No differ- ences among L1 and PTFE samples collected from sensitized and non-sensitized animals were found (P ( 0.05, Kruskal- Wallis). Therefore, the results demonstrated that latex membranes presented performance comparable to PTFE membranes, and that L1 membranes induced higher bone formation. L1 and PTFE membranes produced no hyper- sensitization in the bone tissue.

Comparison of the performance of natural latex membranes prepared with different procedures and PTFE membrane in guided bone regeneration (GBR) in rabbits

Cytotoxicity and subcutaneous tissue reaction of innovative blends composed by polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene associated with natural polymers (natural rubber and native starch) forming membranes were evaluated, aiming its applications associated with bone regeneration. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in mouse fibroblasts culture cells (NIH3T3) using trypan blue staining. Tissue response was in vivo evaluated by subcutaneous implantation of materials in rats, taking into account the presence of necrosis and connective tissue capsule around implanted materials after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 60, and 100 days of surgery. The pattern of inflammation was evaluated by histomorphometry of the inflammatory cells. Chemical and morphological changes of implanted materials after 60 and 100 days were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. Cytotoxicity tests indicated a good tolerance of the cells to the biomaterial. The in vivo tissue response of all studied materials showed normal inflammatory pattern, characterized by a reduction of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and an increase in mononuclear leukocytes over the time (p < 0.05 Kruskal–Wallis). On day 60, microscopic analysis showed regression of the chronic inflammatory process around all materials. FTIR showed no changes in chemical composition of materials due to implantation, whereas SEM demonstrated the delivery of starch in the medium. Therefore, the results of the tests performed in vitro and in vivo show that the innovative blends can further be used as biomaterials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 101B: 1284–1293, 2013.

Subcutaneous tissue reaction and cytotoxicity of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene blends associated with natural polymers

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Subcutaneous tissue reaction and cytotoxicity of polyvinylidene fluoride and polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene blends associated with natural polymers