The introduction of vaccination as a prophylactic measure against smallpox by Jenner in 1798 was for many years the only successful application of active immunization in the prevention of infectious disease. The development of Jenner's method and its application to other infections by Pasteur 80 years later marked the beginnings of the science of immunology as we know it to-day. Great advances have been made in the last 20 or 30 years in the field of virus infections; but Jenner's method of immunization against smallpox still stands as the most valuable specific prophylactic measure against diseases caused by these agents. The practical value of vaccination at the present time is perhaps not so immediately apparent as in Jenner's day, and to put the discovery in its proper setting it is necessary lo consider briefly the morbid influence of smallpox at that time. The disease had been endemic in England for several hundred years, and early in the eighteenth century was said to be the cause of 70 to 80 out of every 1,000 deaths. During the course of the century, in spite of, some people think because of, variolation, to which I will refer presently, the ravages of the disease in no way abated. Haygarth in 1793 stated that in previous years the ratio of deaths from smallpox to births was as 1 to 6+ in London, 1 to 64 in Manchester, and 1 to 52 in Liverpool. Most of the population were destined to suffer from the disease, and Haygarth records that after the outbreak in Chester in 1774 only one-fourteenth of the population had not had smallpox. The mortality from smallpox was then around 15 to 20% of cases, and most of the deaths occurred in children under 10 years. In Chester, from 1772 to 1777 inclusive, of 1,105 deaths in children under 10. 369-that is, one in three-were due to smallpox (f{aygarth, 1793).

/pdf/jenner-s-cowpox-inoculation-x07knn4auq.pdf

Jenner's cowpox inoculation.

Klinisch-anatomische und virologisch-bakteriologische Befunde bei Encephalomyelitiden nach Pockenschutzimpfung

Die multiple Sklerose

Infection and immunity in smallpox.

Ein von Kaposi und nachher von Juliusberg beschriebenes Krankheitsbild findet sich im Schrifttum unter verschiedenen Bezeichnungen. In England und Amerika (USA) wird es gewohnlich „Kaposis varicelliforme Eruption“ genannt, in Deutschland neuestens „Eczema herpeticatum“. Am kennzeichnendsten ware der Ausdruck „Eczema herpetiformeKaposi”, denn er berucksichtigt historische Tatsachen, tragt der Morphologie des Krankheitsbildes und seiner Atiologie weitgehend Rechnung. Die Krankheit ist die Sekundarinfektion einer erkrankten Haut mit dem Herpesvirus, ihr Bild kann einer varioliformen Pyodermie oder haufiger einem Eczema vaccinatum ahnlich sehen, ist aber von diesem klinisch meist einwandfrei zu unterscheiden. Insgesamt sind in der Weltliteratur ungefahr 180 derartige Beobachtungen verzeichnet; die hier beschriebenen 13 Erkrankungen traten ausschlieslich in den Winter- und Ubergangsmonaten auf.

[Kaposi's varicelliforme eruption, eczema herpetiforme].

Pocken und Pockenschutzimpfung

http://ir.nmu.org.ua//bitstream/123456789/17902/1/720025b3dbce1751741b89f1487afb75.pdf

Die "Postvaccinale Encephalitis" : nach amtlichen österreichischen Daten

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Pocken und Pockenschutzimpfung

Die "Postvaccinale Encephalitis" : nach amtlichen österreichischen Daten