The capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life is the essence of humanness. Human agency is characterized by a number of core features that operate through phenomenal and functional consciousness. These include the temporal extension of agency through intentionality and forethought, self-regulation by self-reactive influence, and self-reflectiveness about one's capabilities, quality of functioning, and the meaning and purpose of one's life pursuits. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Social cognitive theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency that relies on others to act on one's behest to secure desired outcomes, and collective agency exercised through socially coordinative and interdependent effort. Growing transnational embeddedness and interdependence are placing a premium on collective efficacy to exercise control over personal destinies and national life.

/pdf/social-cognitive-theory-an-agentic-perspective-hguh0k9i9z.pdf

Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective

(1970). A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Economic Geography: Vol. 46, PROCEEDINGS International Geographical Union Commission on Quantitative Methods, pp. 234-240.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/143141.pdf

A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region

▪ Abstract The capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life is the essence of humanness. Human agency is characterized by a number of core features that operate through phenomenal and functional consciousness. These include the temporal extension of agency through intentionality and forethought, self-regulation by self-reactive influence, and self-reflectiveness about one's capabilities, quality of functioning, and the meaning and purpose of one's life pursuits. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Social cognitive theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency that relies on others to act on one's behest to secure desired outcomes, and collective agency exercised through socially coordinative and interdependent effort. Growing transnational embeddedness and interdependence are placing a premium on collective ...

/pdf/social-cognitive-theory-an-agentic-perspective-3a2jt1u3lk.pdf

Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Drawing upon philosophy and social theory, Social Theory of International Politics develops a theory of the international system as a social construction. Alexander Wendt clarifies the central claims of the constructivist approach, presenting a structural and idealist worldview which contrasts with the individualism and materialism which underpins much mainstream international relations theory. He builds a cultural theory of international politics, which takes whether states view each other as enemies, rivals or friends as a fundamental determinant. Wendt characterises these roles as 'cultures of anarchy', described as Hobbesian, Lockean and Kantian respectively. These cultures are shared ideas which help shape state interests and capabilities, and generate tendencies in the international system. The book describes four factors which can drive structural change from one culture to another - interdependence, common fate, homogenization, and self-restraint - and examines the effects of capitalism and democracy in the emergence of a Kantian culture in the West.

/pdf/social-theory-of-international-politics-3eegdnnwai.pdf

Social Theory of International Politics

I filosofi e le macchine (1400-1700)

Emergencia y convergencia: novedad cualitativa y unidad del conocimiento

Three main theses are proposed. The first is that the idea of a quantum or minimal unit is not peculiar to quantum theory, since it already occurs in the classical theories of elasticity and electrolysis. Second, the peculiarities of the objects described by quantum theory are the following: their basic laws are probabilistic; some of their properties, such as position and energy, are blunt rather than sharp; two particles that were once together continue to be associated even after becoming spatially separated; and the vacuum has physical properties, so that it is a kind of matter. Third, the orthodox or Copenhagen interpretation of the theory is false, and may conveniently be replaced with a realist (though not classicist) interpretation. Heisenberg's inequality, Schrodinger's cat and Zeno's quantum paradox are discussed in the light of the two rival interpretations. It is also shown that the experiments that falsified Bell's inequality do not refute realism but the classicism inherent in hidden variables theories.

Twenty-Five Centuries of Quantum Physics: From Pythagoras to Us, and from Subjectivism to Realism

of Ethics.- 1. Value, Morality and Action: Fact, Theory, and Metatheory.- 2. Basic Schema of Values, Norms and Actions.- 3. Relations between Axiology, Ethics and Action Theory.- 4. The Task.- I Values.- 1. Roots of Values.- 1. Nature and Kinds of Value.- 1.1 Nature of Value.- 1.2 Kinds of Value.- 1.3 Summary.- 2. Value Sources.- 2.1 Biovalue.- 2.2 Psychovalue.- 2.3 Sociovalue.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Needs, Wants, and Values.- 3.1 Basic Needs and Legitimate Wants.- 3.2 Values.- 3.3 Value Categories and Orders.- 3.4 Summary.- 2. Welfare.- 1. Welfare and Happiness.- 1.1 From Bentham to Decision Theory.- 1.2 Definitions.- 1.3 Postulates.- 1.4 Social Welfare.- 1.5 Summary.- 2. Value Conflict and Change.- 2.1 Value Conflict.- 2.2 Ideals.- 2.3 The Summum Bonum.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Value Theory.- 1. Analysis.- 1.1 Intrinsic and Instrumental.- 1.2 Absolute and Relative.- 1.3 Objective and Subjective.- 1.4 Individual and Social.- 1.5 Fact and Value.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Value and Knowledge.- 2.1 Semantic and Epistemological Status.- 2.2 Values and Science.- 2.3 Values and Technology.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Value Measures and Calculi.- 3.1 Objective Value of a Generic Item.- 3.2 Objective Value of Systems and Processes.- 3.3 Subjective Value (Utility).- 3.4 Value Calculi.- 3.5 Summary.- II Morals.- 4. Roots of Morals.- 1. Rights and Duties.- 1.1 Right and Duty.- 1.2 Rights Imply Duties.- 1.3 Summary.- 2. Morals.- 2.1 Right and Wrong Actions.- 2.2 Moral Problems.- 2.3 Morals.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Sources and Functions of Morals.- 3.1 Biological.- 3.2 Psychological.- 3.3 Social.- 3.4 Summary.- 5. Morality Changes.- 1. Development and Evolution.- 1.1 Nature and Nurture.- 1.2 Origin and Breakdown of Norms.- 1.3 Summary.- 2. The Human Condition.- 2.1 Human Nature.- 2.2 Competition.- 2.3 Cooperation.- 2.4 Summary.- 3. Morality Changes.- 3.1 Evolution of Mores and Morals.- 3.2 The Current Moral Crisis.- 3.3 Summary.- 6. Some Moral Issues.- 1. Private Morals.- 1.1 Three Moral Spheres.- 1.2 Life and Death.- 1.3 Virtue and Sin.- 1.4 Ten Virtues.- 1.5 Desert and Reward, Crime and Punishment.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Public Morals.- 2.1 Human Survival Issues.- 2.2 Equality.- 2.3 Freedom.- 2.4 Justice.- 2.5 Democracy.- 2.6 Summary.- III Ethics.- 7. Types of Ethical Theory.- 1. Matters of Method.- 1.1 Religious and Secular Doctrines.- 1.2 Monism and Pluralism.- 1.3 Absolutism and Relativism.- 1.4 Objectivism and Subjectivism.- 1.5 Emotivism, Intuitionism and Cognitivism.- 1.6 Consequentialism and Deontologism.- 1.7 Individualism, Holism, Systemism.- 1.8 Conservatives and Reformists.- 1.9 Summary.- 2. Moral isms: Egoistic.- 2.1 Nihilism.- 2.2 Rational Egoism.- 2.3 Libertarianism.- 2.4 Contractualism.- 2.5 Negative Utilitarianism.- 2.6 Summary.- 3. Moral isms: Altruistic.- 3.1 Natural Law.- 3.2 Kant.- 3.3 Utilitarianism.- 3.4 Agathonism.- 3.5 Summary.- 8. Ethics Et Alia.- 1. Ethics and Knowledge.- 1.1 Ethics and Logic.- 1.2 Ethics and Epistemology.- 1.3 Ethics and Ontology.- 1.4 Ethics and Science.- 1.5 Ethics and Technology.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Ethics and Action.- 2.1 Praxis and Ethics: Generalities.- 2.2 Bioethics.- 2.3 Nomoethics.- 2.4 Business Ethics.- 2.5 Political Ethics.- 2.6 Summary.- 9. Metaethics.- 1. Scientific and Philosophic Ethics.- 1.1 Ethics as Science and as Philosophy.- 1.2 Scientific and Axiological Basis.- 1.3 Constraints on Moral Norms.- 1.4 Norms and Normative Systems.- 1.5 Moral Reasoning.- 1.6 Summary.- 2. Ethics and Reality.- 2.1 The Is-Ought Gap.- 2.2 Moral Truth.- 2.3 Applying Ethics.- 2.4 Testing Ethics.- 2.5 Summary.- IV Action Theory.- 10. Action.- 1. Individual Action.- 1.1 Philosophical Underpinnings.- 1.2 Human Action.- 1.3 Goals, Means, and Plans.- 1.4 Work.- 1.5 Summary.- 2. Collective Action.- 2.1 Private and Public Interests.- 2.2 Social Policies and Plans.- 2.3 Cooperation and Competition.- 2.4 Competitive Cooperation.- 2.5 Management.- 2.6 Summary.- 11. Social Philosophy.- 1. Environmental.- 2. Biological.- 3. Economic.- 4. Political.- 5. Cultural.- 6. Summary.- 12 Values and Morals for a Viable Future.- 1. The Thirteen Horsemen of the Apocalypse.- 2. Old and New Values and Morals.- 3. A Survival and Development Morality.- 4. A Viable Social Order.- 5. Conclusion.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.

Ethics: The Good and the Right

W E saw (sees. 2 and 3) that, for Bohr and Rosenfeld, the observed system and the instrument of observation form a whole, a ' sealed unit' defining the phenomenon. ' Any atomic scale phenomenon must thus be conceived as a whole ; any attempt to apply to it the same kind of analysis as in classical physics would simply make it vanish. The word ' atomic ' here resumes its etymological sense with a more subtle connotation.' x That is to say, the atomic scale phenomenon is regarded as a whole in the sense of holistic philosophies—a totality that cannot be rationalised and hence represents a limit, a non plus ultra, to human knowledge. For instance, every energy change in an atom has to be regarded as elementary or atomic, because the forever indivisible quantum is involved in i t ; * and, as Bridgman once said, ' it is meaningless to penetrate much deeper than the electron ', for there is really nothing within it. This modern version of atomism is as mechanistic as ancient atomism and as irrationalistic as any obscurantist world outlook. The irrationalist feature lies in the claim that wholes are unanalysable, that their analysis and understanding is forever beyond all human possibility. This irrationalist aspect of the official philosophy of quantum mechanics was recognised by Bohr himself, when he wrote that the ' quantum postulate', according to which every atomic process exhibits a character of ' individuality ' or wholeness, is an ' irrational element '. Elsewhere, after describing an electron diffraction phenomenon, Bohr stresses the universality of such an irrational totality (which he calls individuality) : The impossibility of a closer analysis of the reactions between the particle and the measuring instrument is indeed no peculiarity of the experimental procedure described, but is rather an essential property

/pdf/strife-about-complementarity-i-2vu9kjw7kr.pdf

Strife about complementarity (i)

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