In recent years, the development of nanoparticles has expanded into a broad range of clinical applications. Nanoparticles have been developed to overcome the limitations of free therapeutics and navigate biological barriers - systemic, microenvironmental and cellular - that are heterogeneous across patient populations and diseases. Overcoming this patient heterogeneity has also been accomplished through precision therapeutics, in which personalized interventions have enhanced therapeutic efficacy. However, nanoparticle development continues to focus on optimizing delivery platforms with a one-size-fits-all solution. As lipid-based, polymeric and inorganic nanoparticles are engineered in increasingly specified ways, they can begin to be optimized for drug delivery in a more personalized manner, entering the era of precision medicine. In this Review, we discuss advanced nanoparticle designs utilized in both non-personalized and precision applications that could be applied to improve precision therapies. We focus on advances in nanoparticle design that overcome heterogeneous barriers to delivery, arguing that intelligent nanoparticle design can improve efficacy in general delivery applications while enabling tailored designs for precision applications, thereby ultimately improving patient outcome overall.

/pdf/engineering-precision-nanoparticles-for-drug-delivery-2rxrncxb99.pdf

Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Immunotherapy has become a powerful clinical strategy for treating cancer. The number of immunotherapy drug approvals has been increasing, with numerous treatments in clinical and preclinical development. However, a key challenge in the broad implementation of immunotherapies for cancer remains the controlled modulation of the immune system, as these therapeutics have serious adverse effects including autoimmunity and nonspecific inflammation. Understanding how to increase the response rates to various classes of immunotherapy is key to improving efficacy and controlling these adverse effects. Advanced biomaterials and drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles and the use of T cells to deliver therapies, could effectively harness immunotherapies and improve their potency while reducing toxic side effects. Here, we discuss these research advances, as well as the opportunities and challenges for integrating delivery technologies into cancer immunotherapy, and we critically analyse the outlook for these emerging areas.

Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy

In vitro and some animal models have shown that quercetin, a polyphenol derived from plants, has a wide range of biological actions including anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities; as well as attenuating lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation and capillary permeability. This review focuses on the physicochemical properties, dietary sources, absorption, bioavailability and metabolism of quercetin, especially main effects of quercetin on inflammation and immune function. According to the results obtained both in vitro and in vivo, good perspectives have been opened for quercetin. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better characterize the mechanisms of action underlying the beneficial effects of quercetin on inflammation and immunity.

Quercetin, Inflammation and Immunity

The details of all steps involved in the quantification of
biofilm formation in microtiter plates are described. The
presented protocol incorporates information on assessment of
biofilm production by staphylococci, gained both by direct
experience as well as by analysis of methods for assaying
biofilm production. The obtained results should simplify
quantification of biofilm formation in microtiter plates, and
make it more reliable and comparable among different
laboratories.

Quantification of biofilm in microtiter plates: overview oftesting conditions and practical recommendations for assessmentof biofilm production by staphylococci.

/pdf/functional-improvement-up-to-six-months-after-total-hip-2vi2ylvah6.pdf

Functional improvement up to six months after total hip arthroplasty: measured by self-reported questionnaire and range of hip flexion

Optimization of toll road lane operation: Serbian case study

The effects of betaine on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in methionine-choline deficient diet-induced fatty liver disease in mice

What is the potential of hybrid cordon pricing policy for reducing and shifting car usage in cities?

Backgroung/Aim. Since combining conventional drugs with herbal medicinal
 products is in current research focus and possible of great interest as
 therapy improvement way, the aim of this study was to determine the effects
 of wellestablished antiatherosclerotic drug atorvastatin (CAS number
 134523-00-5) and commercially available artichoke leaf tincture (ALTINC),
 used as combined therapy, as well as to compare effects of these two
 treatments separately. Methods. Experimental animals were divided into five
 groups: the group I (the control group of rats fed with standard diet during
 11 weeks), and the remaining 4 groups of rats (II, III, IV and V) fed with
 standard diet during the first week and then with hypercholesterolemic diet
 during the next 10 weeks. The group II of rats were left without treatment,
 while in the groups III, IV and V were rats treated per os with atorvastatin
 (1.15 mg/kg body wright − b.w.), ALTINC (0.1 mL/kg b.w.) and their
 combination in same doses, respectively, for the last six weeks. Results. The
 cholesterol rich diet led to pronounced hyperlipidemia which could not be
 overcame with the therapy. However, the therapy showed positive effects on
 abdominal aorta wall thickness and parameters of oxidative stress
 (malondialdehyde − MDA, proxidative-antioxidative balance − PAB) and
 antioxidative protection (reduced glutathione − GSH, paraoxanase 1 − PON1,
 superoxide dismutase − SODA SH groups), especially ALTINC was successful in
 oxidative status improvement. Conclusion. Separate treatments comparison
 showed that artichoke leaf tincture is very potent antioxidant with
 beneficial effects in early stages of atherosclerosis. Since atorvastatin and
 constituents of ALTINC probably have different mechanisms of action,
 simultaneous use of both therapies could be beneficial but should be further
 investigated since our results showed that ALTINC is less effective when used
 in combination with atorvastatin. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike
 Srbije, br. OI 175035 i br. 172041]

/pdf/effects-of-atorvastatin-and-artichoke-leaf-tincture-on-zo6yypez7f.pdf

Effects of atorvastatin and artichoke leaf tincture on oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic rats.

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