An epidemiologic study of Los Angeles Marathon (LAM) applicants was conducted to investigate the relationship between self-reported infectious episodes (IE), training data, and LAM participation. Eight days before the LAM, 4926 of 12,200 applicants were randomly selected, and sent a pilot-tested four page questionnaire, which was received 7 days after the LAM. The 2311 respondents were found to be 2.0 yr older and 7.6 min faster than other LAM finishers (p less than .01). Univariate and multivariate analyses (logistic regression) were conducted to test the relationship between IE and km/wk of running (6 total categories). The final model tested controlled for age, marital status, reported sickness in other members of the runner's home, perceived feelings of stress in response to personal training regimens, and the suppressive effect of sickness on regular training. In runners training greater than or equal to 97 vs less than 32 km/wk, the odds ratio (OR) for IE during the 2 month period prior to the LAM was 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.4). A test for trend showed an increase in OR with increase in km/wk category (p = .04) which was largely explained by the increased odds of reported sickness in the greater than or equal to 97 km/wk category. Of the 1828 LAM participants without IE before the LAM, 236 (12.9%) reported IE during the week following the LAM vs 3 of 134 (2.2%) similarly experienced runners who did not participate, OR = 5.9 (95% CI 1.9-18.8). These data suggest that runners may experience increased odds for IE during heavy training or following a marathon race.

Infectious episodes in runners before and after the Los Angeles Marathon.

Exercise is known to induce an immediate leucocytosis, the magnitude of which is related, in most instances, to the intensity and duration of the work. On finishing exercise, however, the leucocyte count may change in any one of several different ways. The pattern of postexercise changes in the leucocyte count is determined mainly by the time which has elapsed since beginning exercise, rather than the work intensity or the total work done, if, for example, exercise has been intermittent. Consideration of, firstly, the circumstances under which the plasma concentrations of catecholamines and cortisol have been found separately to correlate with the leucocyte count at the finish of exercise, and, secondly, the effects on the leucocyte count of exogenous administration of these substances has led us to develop a model which can satisfactorily account for all of the principal changes in the leucocyte count that have been noted during and after exercise. It is proposed that catecholamines produced during exercise act to increase the ratio of circulating to non-circulating leucocytes, while cortisol acts, by a mechanism which involves a time lag, to increase the total number of leucocytes in the vascular compartment. Examination of previously published reports shows that many contain results which support this model. Using the model as a basis, some predictions are made that can be tested experimentally, and some experiments are suggested which should help elucidate the mode of action of catecholamines and cortisol.

The leucocytosis of exercise. A review and model

Single step separation of human T and B cells using AET treated srbc rosettes.

An autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was demonstrated between T and non-T lymphocytes. Sheep erythrocyte rosetting was used to separate human lymphocytes into T and non-T lymphoid preparations. Non-T lymphocytes stimulated the proliferation of autologous T lymphocytes. The cell in this preparation that was most stimulatory had the characteristics of a K lymphocyte. The allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction was also shown to reflect the proliferation of T lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic non-T lymphocytes. Proliferation of T lymphocytes in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture probably reflects a response to both foreign histocompatibility determinants and determinants present on non-T lymphocytes. It is suggested that the proliferative response of T lymphocytes to autologous non-T lymphocytes may be a step in the process by which T lymphocytes regulate immunity.

/pdf/lymphocyte-transformation-induced-by-autologous-cells-iv-55ek23c01i.pdf

Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. IV. Human T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by autologous or allogeneic non-T lymphocytes.

The basis for the age-associated defect in the response of lymphocytes to plant lectins has been studied. Using three independent assays we have shown that the number of mitogen-responsive cells is markedly reduced in lymphocyte preparations from old persons. In addition, studies using colchicine bloock and thymidine pulse techniques have revealed a failure of mitogen-responsive cells from old persons to expand into a proliferating pool of lymphocytes as is observed when lymphocytes from young persons are cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Thus, the impaired response of lymphocytes from old persons to mitogens is attributable to a reduced number of mitogen responsive cells and their failure to undergo clonal expansion.

/pdf/immunological-studies-of-aging-iii-cytokinetic-basis-for-the-mikyykd0zq.pdf

Immunological studies of Aging. III. Cytokinetic basis for the impaired response of lymphocytes from aged humans to plant lectins.

T LYMPHOCYTES in human peripheral blood may be identified by their ability to form rosettes in vitro with untreated sheep erythrocytes1–7. This test has been widely applied to detect disturbances in the B:T cell ratio in various disease states3,5,7–11, there is, however, no published information on the stability or otherwise of the blood B:T cell ratio in health. Such studies are required because it is known that fluctuations occur readily in the numbers and proportions of the different classes of circulating leukocytes12. Diurnal variation principally affects the granulocytes but exercise, emotion and the administration of adrenaline are all known to provoke a rapid and substantial lymphocytosis through mobilisation of cells normally sequestered in undetermined sites12–15. Here we report investigations on the effect of exercise.

Physiological Variation in Circulating B Cell: T Cell Ratio in Man

Glutaraldehyde and human T cell rosettes.

Summary. Results obtained in the sheep cell-rosette test for identification of human T lymphocytes are strongly dependant on the origin of the sheep erythrocytes. Other factors which influence rosette formation are the duration of incubation of the lymphocyte erythrocyte mixture and the concentration of serum used. The most reproducible results, giving a range of 55–75% RFC among the peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy adults, are obtained by leaving the cell mixture overnight at room temperature in the presence of 10–25% serum.



The spontaneous sheepcell rosette test appears to be a useful means of identifying human T lymphocytes (Jondal et al, 1972; Papamichail et al, 1972; Wortis et al, 1973; Yata et al, 1973); there are, however, striking discrepancies in the percentage of rosette-forming cells (RFC) reported among the peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy donors for the figures quoted range from under 5% (Bach et al, 1969) to almost 80% (Bentwich et al, 1973). There are many points of variation between the techniques employed (Bach et al, 1969; Coombs et al. 1970; Brain et al, 1970; Lay et al, 1971; Jondal et al, 1972; Papamichail et al, 1972; Wybran et al, 1973; Yata et al, 1973; Bentwich et al, 1973) but the importance of such technical variations is largely unknown (Urbaniak et al, 1973). In the present study, several of the points of variance between published techniques have been analysed.

The Sheep‐Cell Rosette Test on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: An Analysis of Some Variable Factors in the Technique

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Physiological Variation in Circulating B Cell: T Cell Ratio in Man

Glutaraldehyde and human T cell rosettes.

The Sheep‐Cell Rosette Test on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: An Analysis of Some Variable Factors in the Technique