Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) are a new class of carbon nanomaterials that offer great promise for biological applications such as cell labeling, imaging, and sensing due to their exceptional optical properties and biocompatibility. Implementation of these applications requires reliable and precise surface functionalization. Although diamonds are generally considered inert, they typically possess diverse surface groups that permit a range of different functionalization strategies. This review provides an overview of nanodiamond surface functionalization methods including homogeneous surface termination approaches (hydrogenation, halogenation, amination, oxidation, and reduction), in addition to covalent and non-covalent surface modification with different functional moieties. Furthermore, the subsequent coupling of biomolecules onto functionalized nanodiamonds is reviewed. Finally, biomedical applications of nanodiamonds are discussed in the context of functionalization.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/1/153/pdf

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The use of fluorescence microscopy to study fate and transport of nanoparticles in the environment can be limited by the presence of confounding background signals such as autofluorescence and scattered light. The unique spin-related luminescence properties of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond nanoparticles (NVND) enable new types of imaging modalities such as selective imaging of nanoparticles in the presence of background fluorescence. These techniques make use of the fact that the spin properties, which affect the fluorescence of NV centers, can be modulated using applied magnetic or radio-frequency fields. This work presents the use magnetic fields to modulate the fluorescence of NVND for background-subtracted imaging of nanoparticles ingested by a model organism, C. elegans. With the addition of modest time-modulated magnetic fields from an inexpensive “hobby” electromagnet, the fluorescence of 40 nm NVND can be modulated by 10% in a widefield imaging configuration. Herein, differential magnetic imaging is used to image and to isolate the fluorescence arising from nanodiamond within the gut of the organism C. elegans. This method represents a promising approach to probing the uptake of nanoparticles by organisms and to assessing the movement and interactions of nanoparticles in biological systems.

Selective imaging of diamond nanoparticles within complex matrices using magnetically induced fluorescence contrast

While there is great interest in understanding the fate and transport of nanomaterials in the environment and in biological systems, the detection of nanomaterials in complex matrices by fluorescence methods is complicated by photodegradation, blinking, and the presence of natural organic material and other fluorescent background signals that hamper detection of fluorescent nanomaterials of interest. Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of nitrogen–vacancy (NV) centers in diamond nanoparticles provides a pathway toward background-free fluorescence measurements, as the application of a resonant microwave field can selectively modulate the intensity from NV centers in nanodiamonds of various diameters in complex materials systems using on-resonance and off-resonance microwave fields. This work represents the first investigation showing how nanoparticle diameter impacts the NV center lifetime and thereby directly impacts the accessible contrast and signal-to-noise ratio when using ODMR to achieve bac...

Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance for Selective Imaging of Diamond Nanoparticles.

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Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance for Selective Imaging of Diamond Nanoparticles.

Selective imaging of diamond nanoparticles within complex matrices using magnetically induced fluorescence contrast