In this Review Article, we discuss a range of soft x-ray power diagnostics at inertial confinement fusion (ICF) and pulsed-power fusion facilities. This Review Article describes current hardware and analysis approaches and covers the following methods: x-ray diode arrays, bolometers, transmission grating spectrometers, and associated crystal spectrometers. These systems are fundamental for the diagnosis of ICF experiments, providing a wide range of critical parameters for the evaluation of fusion performance.

Soft x-ray power diagnostics for fusion experiments at NIF, Omega, and Z facilities.

This work presents a new burst mode CMOS image sensor in 0.35 μm SiGe BiCMOS technology that can achieve a pixel rate of 1 TS/s. The sensor employs a novel integrated Streak architecture that includes a vector of 200 integrated photodiodes, each connected to a wideband transimpedance amplifier, and a 200 points deep analogue on-chip memory for burst imaging. Placing the pixel electronics next to the photodector results in a high fill factor of 84 %. The circuit has a closed loop delay generator that allows sampling speeds from 50 μs to 200 ps, resulting in the largest range recorded for a monolithic CMOS sensor to date. The sensor features a post-trigger functionality to avoid synchronization issues during event recording. For the recording of repetitive events, the sensor has a new accumulation mode to enhance the signal to noise ratio (SNR) by reducing the bandwidth of the sample and hold circuit, thus allowing the SNR to be increased by a factor of sqrt(10) per decade. The state-of-the-art time resolution makes this sensor ideal for observing subnanosecond events. It finds applications in various fields, including fluorescence metrology, time-resolved spectroscopy, optical tomography, laser Doppler velocimetry, and detonics. 

CMOS sensor for subnanosecond integrated Streak camera

Diagnostics in high energy density physics, shock physics, and related fields are primarily driven by a need to record rapidly time-evolving signals in single-shot events. These measurements are often limited by channel count and signal degradation issues on cable links between the detector and digitizer. We present the Ultrafast Pixel Array Camera (UPAC), a compact and flexible detector readout system with 32 waveform-recording channels at up to 10 Gsample/s and 1.8 GHz analog bandwidth. The compact footprint allows the UPAC to be directly embedded in the detector environment. A key enabling technology is the PSEC4A chip, an eight-channel switch-capacitor array sampling device with up to 1056 samples/channel. The UPAC system includes a high-density input connector that can plug directly into an application-specific detector board, programmable control, and serial readout, with less than 5 W of power consumption in full operation. We present the UPAC design and characterization, including a measured timing resolution of ∼20 ps or better on acquisitions of sub-nanosecond pulses with minimal system calibrations. Example applications of the UPAC are also shown to demonstrate operation of a solid-state streak camera, an ultrafast imaging array, and a neutron time-of-flight spectrometer.

The ultrafast pixel array camera system and its applications in high energy density physics.

In this report we describe a novel installation of the Time Resolved Beam Halo Monitor (TRBHM) system, integrating a diamond detector and high-speed waveform digitizer, at the Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests (FACET) at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This work will result in the measurement and characterization of high-energy electron accelerator beam halo both spatially and temporally. This measurement is done by utilizing on-detector electrode lithography and the resulting impulsive current pulses are read out by system-on-chip (SoC) high density waveform digitizers developed by Nalu Scientific LLC (NSL). The theory, detection methodology, and instrumentation will be discussed, as well the installation and initial measurements from the FACET beamline.

Installation and Time Resolved Measurements of Accelerated Electron Beam Halo Using Diamond Detector at FACET

In this article we describe a series of novel measurements and timing calibrations we performed on the Advanced ASoC Rapid Digitizer, Variable Readout Chip (AARDVARC), a waveform digitizer designed for the readout of signals with very high timing resolution. In the course of the analysis we will demonstrate how a proper timing calibration methodology can provide resolutions below 10ps.

Timing optimization and timing resolution for the AARDVARC chips

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Papers

The ultrafast pixel array camera system and its applications in high energy density physics.

Installation and Time Resolved Measurements of Accelerated Electron Beam Halo Using Diamond Detector at FACET

Timing optimization and timing resolution for the AARDVARC chips