This paper is concerned with the use of icons in human-computer interaction (HCI). Icons are pictographic representations of data or processes within a computer system, which have been used to replace commands and menus as the means by which the computer supports a dialogue with the end-user. They have been applied principally to graphics-based interfaces to operating systems, networks and document-processing software. The paper attempts to provide a more systematic treatment of icon interfaces than has hitherto been made, and to create a classification which it is hoped will be of use to the dialogue designer. The characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of icon-based dialogues are described. Metaphors, design alternatives, display structures and implementation factors are discussed, and there is a summary of some icon design guidelines drawn from a variety of sources. Some mention is also made of attempts by researchers to measure the effectiveness of icon designs empirically.

Icon-based human-computer interaction

In this study, we attempt to evaluate the user preferences for web design attributes (i.e., typography, color, content quality, interactivity, and navigation) to determine the trust, satisfaction, and loyalty for uncertainty avoidance cultures. Content quality and navigation have been observed as strong factors in building user trust with e-commerce websites. In contrast, interactivity, color, and typography have been observed as strong determinants of user satisfaction. The most relevant and interesting finding is related to typography, which has been rarely discussed in e-commerce literature. A questionnaire was designed to collect data to corroborate the proposed model and hypotheses. Furthermore, the partial least-squares method was adopted to analyze the collected data from the students who participated in the test ( $n$ = 558). Finally, the results of this study provide strong support to the proposed model and hypotheses. Therefore, all the web design attributes were observed as important design features to develop user trust and satisfaction for uncertainty avoidance cultures. Although both factors seem to be relevant, the relationship between trust and loyalty was observed to be stronger than between satisfaction and loyalty; thus, trust seems to be a stronger determinant of loyalty for risk/high uncertainty avoidance cultures.

/pdf/web-design-attributes-in-building-user-trust-satisfaction-2n6phrfvkv.pdf

Web Design Attributes in Building User Trust, Satisfaction, and Loyalty for a High Uncertainty Avoidance Culture

The term corporate identity program is well-known in the graphic design field, which has applied the approach to the traditional areas of stationery, vehicle identification, signage, and other forms of complex communication. It is argued that this approach should be extended to the design of screens, especially for high-resolution, iconic, multiwindow interfaces. Typography, symbolism, and color are discussed from this perspective, and three case studies, namely, the Xerox Star, the Apple Lisa, and the Intran Metaform system, are examined.

Corporate identity for iconic interface design: The graphic design perspective

In concentrating on developing the computer's internal electronic communicative abilities, we have neglected the interface between the machine's display surface and the human viewer.

Graphic Design for Computer Graphics

We conducted this empirical investigation to determine the relationship between web-design features and irritation. The objective was to assess the effective role of design artifacts, which help to minimize the individuals' feeling of irritation in the online shopping environment. A survey technique was employed to collect data to refute the proposed hypotheses. Furthermore, A Partial least squares method was employed to analyze the data collected from the individuals who actively participated in the study. All the adopted features seem to be relevant and the findings reveal negative relationships between design features and irritation in this study. The relevant and important findings are related to website typography and color, which have not been studied yet in e-commerce domain with respect to irritation.

Impact of web design features on irritation for E-commerce websites

Application of the principles of graphic design can bring friendly and effective communication to the Human/computer interface.

/pdf/designing-the-face-of-an-interface-3c0qc3d6ku.pdf

Designing the Face of an Interface

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Designing the Face of an Interface