Sustainable iron-rich cements: Raw material sources and binder types

Targeting the net-zero emission (NZE) by 2050, the hydrogen industry is drastically developing in recent years. However, the technologies of hydrogen upstream production, midstream transportation and storage, and downstream utilization are facing obstacles. In this paper, the development of hydrogen industry from the production, transportation and storage, and sustainable economic development perspectives were reviewed. The current challenges and future outlooks were summarized consequently. In the upstream, blue hydrogen is dominating the current hydrogen supply, and an implementation of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) can raise its cost by 30%. To achieve an economic feasibility, green hydrogen needs to reduce its cost by 75% to approximately 2 $/kg at the large scale. The research progress in the midterm sector is still in a preliminary stage, where experimental and theoretical investigations need to be conducted in addressing the impact of embrittlement, contamination, and flammability so that they could provide a solid support for material selection and large-scale feasibility studies. In the downstream utilization, blue hydrogen will be used in producing value-added chemicals in the short-term. Over the long-term, green hydrogen will dominate the market owing to its high energy intensity and zero carbon intensity which provides a promising option for energy storage. Technologies in the hydrogen industry require a comprehensive understanding of their economic and environmental benefits over the whole life cycle in supporting operators and policymakers. 

/pdf/a-systemic-review-of-hydrogen-supply-chain-in-energy-9645b01i.pdf

A systemic review of hydrogen supply chain in energy transition

Controlling the soundness of Portland cement clinker synthesized with solid wastes based on phase transition of MgNiO2

With the increasing sludge production and cement carbon emissions worldwide, there is an urgent need to develop synergistic approaches to sludge co-process in cement kilns options for building up an interactive sludge carbon reduction process. Cement kilns with temperatures as high as 1450 °C can dissipate various wastes and completely decompose or solidify harmful substances, including dioxins and heavy metals, in the cement crystal structure. Therefore, cooperative cement kiln disposal of sludge can thoroughly decompose organic components as well as their intrinsically cured heavy metals. The vast majority of cement production lines in the world are already equipped for co-process, but the disposal of sludge is blended at a relatively small amount of about 6%. This paper first summarizes the physicochemical characteristics of different types of sludge. In addition, the discussion focuses on the sludge raw material substitution principle and the heavy metal solidification process. The mechanism of K+, Na+, and Cl- plasma damage is further investigated in depth. The overview study predicts the annual carbon emission reduction content of about 25 million tons from two routes of cement kiln co-process of sludge and other solid wastes such as raw material substitution and alternative fuels and cross industries. 

Review on the use of sludge in cement kilns: mechanism, technical, and environmental evaluation

Early hydration properties and microstructure evolutions of MgO-activated slag materials at different curing temperatures

The calcination of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a major contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that are changing our climate. Moreover, the calcination process requires high temperatures (∼900 °C). A novel low-temperature process for the decarbonisation of CaCO3 is tested whereby the CO2 is directly sequestered/mineralised in sodium carbonate. CaCO3 is reacted with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution by mixing under atmospheric temperatures and pressures. The reaction products are calcium hydroxide (hydrated lime; Ca(OH)2) and sodium carbonate (soda ash; Na2CO3). For the first time, the extent of this reaction at ambient conditions is studied along with the NaOH requirements. Conceptual process designs, which include procedures to separate and recover material, as well as energy calculations, are also presented to demonstrate the technical/industrial feasibility of the process. The technology is also successfully tested on industrially sourced limestone chalk, and the silica impurity remains inert throughout the process. This technology will enable industrial symbiosis by combining the high-temperature lime and sodium carbonate manufacturing processes into a single low-temperature process and greatly reduce the chemical (raw material) CO2 emissions associated with the production of cement and lime.

pdf/decarbonisation-of-calcium-carbonate-at-atmospheric-1gzlcwc7m5.pdf

Decarbonisation of calcium carbonate at atmospheric temperatures and pressures, with simultaneous CO2 capture, through production of sodium carbonate

Producing cement clinker assemblages in the system: CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-SO3-CaCl2-MgO

Alinite cement was firstly patented in the USSR in 1970s and their performance is comparable to that of Portland cement. Interest in alinite cement for general use has since waned due to the inclusion of chloride which is known to exacerbate corrosion in reinforced concrete; however, alinite cement may have roles as application-specific cements. Alinite is a structural variant of alite (Ca3SiO5) with substitution with Cl, Mg, and Al ions; it allows for a reduced carbon footprint than alite, given the lower sintering temperature required for its synthesis. In addition, the chemistry of alinite allows for

the beneficial use of Cl and Mg containing wastes for its production. In this work, upscaling of the calcination procedure was studied for production of alinite in a continuous laboratory-scale rotary kiln, with different residence times. The quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis, employing the Rietveld method, showed that the products achieved alinite contents of 25-37 wt.%, with no significant effects observed for the different sintering times. The smaller alinite composition in the products, in comparison with small laboratory crucible scale, suggest that the atmosphere in the kiln may have a strong influence on the formation of alinite.

Continuous production of alinite in a laboratory-scale rotary kiln

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Decarbonisation of calcium carbonate at atmospheric temperatures and pressures, with simultaneous CO2 capture, through production of sodium carbonate

Producing cement clinker assemblages in the system: CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-SO3-CaCl2-MgO

Continuous production of alinite in a laboratory-scale rotary kiln