Smart grid is envisioned to meet the 21st century energy requirements in a sophisticated manner with real time approach by integrating the latest digital communications and advanced control technologies to the existing power grid. It will connect the global users through energy efficiency and awareness corridor. This paper presents a comprehensive review of Wireless Communications Technologies (WCTs) for implementation of smart grid in a systematic way. Various network attributes like internet protocol (IP) support, power usage, data rate etc. are considered to compare the communications technologies in smart grid context. Techniques suitable for Home Area Networks (HANs) like ZigBee, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 6LoWPAN and Z-Wave are discussed and compared in context of consumer concerns and network attributes. A similar approach in context of utilities concerns is adopted for wireless communications techniques for Neighborhood Area Networks (NANs) which include WiMAX and GSM based cellular standards. Smart grid applications, associated network issues and challenges are elaborated at the end.

A review of wireless communications for smart grid

The Internet of Things (IoT) is projected to soon interconnect tens of billions of new devices, in large part also connected to the Internet. IoT devices include both high-end devices which can use traditional go-to operating systems (OSs) such as Linux, and low-end devices which cannot, due to stringent resource constraints, e.g., very limited memory, computational power, and power supply. However, large-scale IoT software development, deployment, and maintenance requires an appropriate OS to build upon. In this paper, we thus analyze in detail the specific requirements that an OS should satisfy to run on low-end IoT devices, and we survey applicable OSs, focusing on candidates that could become an equivalent of Linux for such devices, i.e., a one-size-fits-most, open source OS for low-end IoT devices.

/pdf/operating-systems-for-low-end-devices-in-the-internet-of-yuq474f9xg.pdf

Operating Systems for Low-End Devices in the Internet of Things: A Survey

This paper provides a review of the second generation of terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard (DVB-T2). DVB-T2 is the evolution of DVB-T and, together with DVB-S2 and DVB-C2, inaugurated a new transition from the first-generation digital broadcasting systems, similar to the transition from analog-to-digital systems. In this paper, the most relevant features of DVB-T2 are explained in detail, along with their benefits and trade-offs. This paper also presents a comprehensive review of the laboratory and field trial results available so far. Especial emphasis is placed in the results of the measurements carried out to test the mobile reception and the novel technologies as multiple input single output and time frequency slicing.

/pdf/dvb-t2-the-second-generation-of-terrestrial-digital-video-24cv6toxen.pdf

DVB-T2: The Second Generation of Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting System

Timing and carrier synchronization is a fundamental requirement for any wireless communication system to work properly. Timing synchronization is the process by which a receiver node determines the correct instants of time at which to sample the incoming signal. Carrier synchronization is the process by which a receiver adapts the frequency and phase of its local carrier oscillator with those of the received signal. In this paper, we survey the literature over the last 5 years (2010–2014) and present a comprehensive literature review and classification of the recent research progress in achieving timing and carrier synchronization in single-input single-output (SISO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), cooperative relaying, and multiuser/multicell interference networks. Considering both single-carrier and multi-carrier communication systems, we survey and categorize the timing and carrier synchronization techniques proposed for the different communication systems focusing on the system model assumptions for synchronization, the synchronization challenges, and the state-of-the-art synchronization solutions and their limitations. Finally, we envision some future research directions.

/pdf/timing-and-carrier-synchronization-in-wireless-communication-2w8qk84idd.pdf

Timing and carrier synchronization in wireless communication systems: a survey and classification of research in the last 5 years

In this paper we address the design of network architectures for the Internet of Things by proposing practical algorithms to augment IETF CoAP/6LoWPAN protocol stacks with congestion control functionalities. Our design is inspired by previous theoretical work on back pressure routing and is targeted toward Web-based architectures featuring bidirectional data flows made up of CoAP request/response pairs. Here, we present three different cross-layer and fully decentralized congestion control schemes and compare them against ideal back pressure and current UDP-based protocol stacks. Hence, we discuss results obtained using ns-3 through an extensive simulation campaign for two different scenarios: unidirectional and upstream flows and bidirectional Web-based CoAP flows. Our results confirm that the proposed congestion control algorithms perform satisfactorily in both scenarios for a wide range of values of their configuration parameters, and are amenable to the implementation onto existing protocol stacks for embedded sensor devices.

/pdf/back-pressure-congestion-control-for-coap-6lowpan-networks-2dhzcc5fre.pdf

Back pressure congestion control for CoAP/6LoWPAN networks

The new terrestrial digital video broadcasting standard DVB-T2 provides a specific symbol - called P1-symbol - for the initial time and frequency synchronization. In this paper the maximum likelihood (ML) time and carrier frequency offset (CFO) synchronization scheme, which exploits the structure of the P1 symbol in both time and frequency domains is derived. Two lower-complexity solutions are then proposed: (1) a ML estimator that only exploits the time structure of the P1 symbol and (2) a pseudo ML (PML) scheme that resorts to a suboptimal CFO estimator while still performing ML time synchronization. The proposed schemes are compared in terms of both synchronization capabilities and implementation complexity. The Cramer-Rao bounds for the CFO estimators are also evaluated. Simulation results in a typical DVB-T2 scenario show that both ML and PML schemes have a very close performance while significantly outperforming existing schemes.

Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Time and Carrier Frequency Offset for DVB-T2

The general feeling about ecology is changing worldwide. People all around the world are more careful about problems such as energy provisioning and consumption. New ideas, such as the Smart Grid concept, are trying to give solutions to the energy problems by means of a modern power grid with intelligent management capabilities. In such scenarios, networking solutions, e.g., the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), will allow appliances to be remotely coordinated in order to optimize the total power consumption, and balance the power demand. This paper presents an innovative implementation of the IPv6 stack over the 6LoWPAN adaptation layer. Our 6LoWPAN implementation aims to provide a support platform for IPv6 over interoperable constrained-resources devices, such as those embedded in the electrical appliances. Our main goals are to optimize the memory management and to address the portability problems of the stack. In particular we want to develop a stack which is not tied to a particular data-link protocol. Comparison with existing solutions is also provided.

Interoperable and globally interconnected Smart Grid using IPv6 and 6LoWPAN

The transmission format of the new digital video broadcasting standard DVB-T2 provides a block of samples (the P1 symbol) to ease initial signal acquisition and synchronization. In this paper we revise a synchronization technique based on the correlation of parts of the received signal and we show that it fails to synchronize in practical channel conditions. Then we propose a modified version of the existing technique that better exploits the correlation signal and compare the two techniques.

On correlation-based synchronization for DVB-T2

In this paper the second generation digital terrestrial distribution system standardized by the Digital Video Broadcasting Consortium (DVB-T2) is considered and, in particular, we focus on the new structure of the P1 training symbol. Two algorithms making use of this symbol are proposed and analyzed, one for the recovery of the carrier frequency offset, the other for the channel estimation. In particular, their performances are evaluated, theoretically and via simulations, and finally compared to the respective Cramer Rao Lower Bound (CRLB). The results show the two algorithms perform very close to the respective CRLB.

On the analysis of P1 symbol performance for DVB-T2

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has significantly reduced the complexity of the receivers, however to allow simple equalization procedures and avoid interblock interference, a cyclic prefix (CP) has to be appended to the OFDM block. CP reduces the efficiency of the transmission, because it is discarded at the receiver. This paper proposes a receiver structure which recovers the CP and exploits it to improve data detection. The performance of this structure is then analyzed comparing it with other two structures in a simulation scenario suitable for the evolution of the current Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T). The impact of low-density parity check codes (LDPC) is also outlined.

Improved Data Detection Exploiting Full Cyclic Prefix for the Evolution of DVB-T

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