Drowning is a leading cause of injury-related death in children. In 2000, more than 1400 US children younger than 20 years drowned. Most (91%) of these deaths were unintentional and were not related to boating. For each drowning death, it is estimated that at least 1 to 4 children suffer a serious nonfatal submersion event, many of which leave children with permanent disabilities. Environmental strategies, such as installation of 4-sided fences around swimming pools, and behavioral strategies, such as increased supervision of children while around water, are needed to prevent these tragedies.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/112/2/440.full.pdf

Prevention of Drowning in Infants, Children, and Adolescents

Little is known about the relationship between real and perceived water competence among youth in the context of drowning prevention or of their perceptions of their risk of drowning. This study reports the findings of an international project entitled Can You Swim? Collegiate physical education students (n = 373) were assessed in a two-part study using an initial questionnaire survey to provide self-estimates of water competency and risk perception, followed by six practical tests in the water. Correlation coefficients between perceived and real swimming (r s = 0.369) and floating (r s = 0.583) skills were significant but only moderate in strength. No significant gender differences in real or perceived water competency were found. Significantly more males than females estimated lower risk of drowning associated with a series of aquatic scenarios (p = 0.016). The implications of these findings on drowning prevention and the need for further investigation are discussed. While the role of swimming proficiency in drowning prevention may appear axiomatic, its protective capacity is not well understood. Brenner, Saluja, and Smith (2003) have argued that increased swimming competency is almost certain to be protective in a drowning situation and, if so, then differences in swimming competency may help explain why some are at greater risk of drowning than others. The relationship between swimming competency, swimming lessons, and the risk of drowning for young children has been the subject of some inquiry (Brenner, Moran, Stallman, Gilchrist, & McVan, 2006), but little is known about this relationship with respect to young adults, one of the most at-risk groups of drowning in most developed countries. A systematic, large-scale review of childhood and youth drowning noted that even though studies have shown that swimming lessons improved the ability to dive,

/pdf/can-you-swim-an-exploration-of-measuring-real-and-perceived-7ch3xdjvoi.pdf

Can you swim? An exploration of measuring real and perceived water competency.

Introduction Some populations have been less susceptible to reductions in drowning than others. It has been hypothesised that this is due to prevention strategies failing to account for the influence of social determinants (such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status). Populations such as ethnic minorities have been over-represented in injury statistics, however this is not well explored in drowning. This study aims to identify high-risk populations for drowning, risk factors and prevention strategies. Methods A literature review undertaken systematically using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses approach was conducted of peer-reviewed literature in English, published between 1990 and 2018 from high-income countries. Search terms included drowning, water safety, ethnic minority, migrant, and culturally diverse. Results In total, 35 articles were included. High-risk populations identified were: ethnic minorities, First Nations/Aboriginal people, migrants and rural residents. Over half (51%) focused on children (0–18 years). Risk factors included social determinants, swimming ability and knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. Four intervention studies were found; two focused on upskilling adults from high-risk populations to increase employment opportunities within the aquatic industry; an evaluation of a 10-year rock fishing safety education project and a learn-to-swim programme for minority children. Proposed prevention strategies included education, practical skills, research, policy and engagement. Discussion Limited literature exists pertaining to drowning among adults from high-risk populations. There is a need to increase the sophistication of drowning prevention strategies addressing the disparities in drowning from a culturally appropriate perspective. Acknowledging the role of the social determinants of health in drowning prevention is essential in order to improve drowning outcomes for high-risk populations globally.

https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/injuryprev/26/3/279.full.pdf

Identifying a gap in drowning prevention: high-risk populations

Two studies were employed to test the reliability and validity of the Swimming Competence Questionnaire (SCQ) among primary school children. Study 1 was a cross-sectional survey in 4959 primary sch...

/pdf/validation-of-the-swimming-competence-questionnaire-for-2n86z7n83p.pdf

Validation of the swimming competence questionnaire for children

In the field of home and leisure safety, data on exposure are generally not measured, and only in a limited number of cases is exposure taken into account as a factor possibly influencing the conclusions. A study was set up to investigate the possibilities and advantages of measuring exposure in the field of home and leisure safety. The main question therefore was: How can exposure data best be measured and in what fields of consumer safety? The ultimate question is: Can exposure data increase home and leisure safety? The literature on exposure, risk assessment and priority setting was surveyed to gain insight in theoretical and methodological issues related to exposure measurement. A number of studies actually measuring exposure in relation to home and leisure accidents were analyzed Exposure measurement is rarely found in the field of consumer safety. There are several definitions of exposure, and numerous ways to measure it. In the field of home and leisure accidents exposure time is the most ...

The use of exposure data in different stages of home and leisure injury prevention. Can exposure data add to consumer safety

Swimming capabilities and swimming exposure of New Jersey children

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Swimming capabilities and swimming exposure of New Jersey children