Business models for active outdoor sport event tourism experiences

Le développement local

The purpose of this paper is to examine competitive balance in European football leagues before and after the inception of Financial Fair Play (FFP) regulations by Union of European Football Associations in 2011, designed to bring about financial stability and improve competitive balance in the European game.,The research focuses on the top division football leagues in England (English Premier League), Germany (Bundesliga), France (Ligue 1), Italy (Serie A) and Spain (La Liga). The paper is organised into two distinct time periods: pre-FFP, comprising the six seasons between 2005/2006 and 2010/2011; and post-FFP, comprising the six seasons between 2011/2012 and 2016/2017. The paper uses recognised measures of concentration and dominance to measure competitive balance.,The results show a statistically significant decline in competitive balance post-FFP for leagues in Spain, Germany and France but not for England and Italy. Furthermore, the results report significantly higher levels of concentration and dominance by a select number of clubs in Germany.,The paper is one of the first to analyse competitive balance in this way both pre- and post-FFP. Whilst the paper cannot demonstrate a causal link between FFP and competitive balance, there are strong indications that competitive balance has been adversely affected (for some leagues) since the regulations have been imposed. To that end, the paper argues that FFP has had “unintended consequences” in respect of competitive balance.

/pdf/the-unintended-consequence-of-financial-fair-play-an-4h03ojdx3l.pdf

The unintended consequence of Financial Fair Play: An examination of competitive balance across five European football leagues

Modelling cultural ecosystem services is an enduring challenge, raising issues about the integration and spatialization of immaterial values and benefits, and their contingency on local preferences. Building on the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum framework, we present a novel methodology for assessing the recreation service using GPS tracks downloaded from crowd-sourced websites: the Grelou model (Georeferencing REcreation in Local OUtdoors), here applied to the Grenoble living area (French Alps). GPS tracks revealed the complete spatial extent of visitor presence and enabled modelling visitation networks for ten recreation activities with great spatial accuracy, thus providing a spatial estimate of recreational multifunctionality–expressed as the sum of networks. After coupling track networks with landscape preference and proximity factors, Grelou assessed the recreation service as a combination of opportunity and preferences, and identified recreation hotspots of different profiles such as aroundoor leisure or outdoor sport. We performed an online survey among local sports associations using an interactive map to select districts visited by respondents (~1000 people). The declared visitor presence for recreation purposes was highly spatially congruent with Grelou outputs (R2 = 0.89). Detailed analysis of responses on selection criteria for recreationists validates our choice of critical factors underlying both the recreation opportunity potential and the expected visitation frequency over the whole study area. We also analyzed outputs of the InVESt recreation model against the same visitation explanatory factors. Differences between the two models allowed us to pinpoint biases and weaknesses in the InVESt recreation modelling framework based on crowd-sourced photographs. By making use of an increasingly available data source (GPS tracks), Grelou offers a standardized and flexible way to assess the recreation service associated with multiple recreation practices. Its high spatial accuracy supports the analysis of spatial relationships with other ecoystems services and the integration of recreation into environmental assessments, land management and planning.

/pdf/benefits-of-crowd-sourced-gps-information-for-modelling-the-167koxw1bi.pdf

Benefits of crowd-sourced GPS information for modelling the recreation ecosystem service.

The increase in individual sports activities is stimulating the rise of sport-related forms of vacationing. This is further intensified by tourists seeking authentic experiences in host–guest relations, physical health and well-being, and the consumption of local products and services. Communities, especially those in developing countries, do not yet fully recognize the potential of local sports as a resource and competitive advantage in their destination development. In the same way, tourism research is lacking analyses regarding the role of the community and its specific sports identity. Given this, the present paper aims to systematically review the promising interface between community development and sports tourism. The research questions are based on the potential of identity-based sports and necessary local engagement. These efforts are pursued through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with 49 articles. The results reveal the thematic clusters, research features, and prevalent challenges and benefits that the community has to deal with. The discussion proposes the utilization of local sports identity in systematic product development and highlights increasing local engagement. In conclusion, we call for future research on non-event-related sports tourism, in-depth case studies, and multi-disciplinary concepts to foster local sustainability.

The Host Community and Its Role in Sports Tourism—Exploring an Emerging Research Field

Développement des sports de nature et de montagne en France : diagnostic comparé des ressources territoriales

Tourism is important for many rural territories in France, notably with respect to economic development. A growing element of such tourist activity concerns outdoor sports which rely heavily on a r...

The concept of localised outdoor sports tourist systems: its application to Ardèche in south-east France

Outdoor recreational and leisure activities are practiced at a variety of scales throughout much of today’s world. The spatial organization of these practices nevertheless demonstrates very striking geographic disparities. The territory in which outdoor activities take place is far more than a mere framework or an inert support for these activities. It is instead a factor in their coproduction. Thus, the key actors in each territory mobilize the local resources differently. This study is situated within the theoretical framework of the territorial economy, according to which each territory is responsible for finding its own means of development. From this perspective, we analyzed and compared the territorial resources mobilized by the actors in each of France’s 96 continental departments (the department being the territorial unit defined for this research) in their quest to develop an outdoor recreation area. In our typological approach, four variables (further broken down into secondary criteria)...

Outdoor recreational activities in France: comparative analysis of territorial resources.

Cet article a pour but de comprendre le processus amenant a l’elaboration d’une nouvelle politique sportive inscrite dans une gouvernance qui doit composer avec des caracteristiques specifiques (territoires bipolaires, peri-urbanite, evolution climatique). Cette recherche se base sur l’etude du cas de la station suisse de moyenne montagne de Villars-sur-Ollon. Elle montre comment la perennisation d’une activite touristique peut se faire a travers le levier des activites sportives (pratiques, evenements et equipements sportifs). Cet article analyse les difficultes de mise en synergies des acteurs publics, prives et associatifs, et vise a promouvoir de nouvelles formes de gouvernance basees sur des partenariats strategiques pour y remedier.

La gouvernance des stations de montagne et leurs politiques sportive et touristique : Les enseignements du cas de Villars-sur-Ollon

Le contexte d’evolution et d’incertitudes fort qui touche les stations de montagne, en termes de climat, de demande touristique et sportive, ou encore de concurrence entre stations, les conduit a recourir de plus en plus a l’innovation pour renouveler leur trajectoire de developpement. Dans ce cadre, les acteurs, publics et prives, des stations de montagne concoivent puis utilisent des innovations sportives (sur les plans des techniques, des savoir-faire ou de l’organisation sociale) en les inscrivant dans de nouvelles strategies de diversification du tourisme. Plus specifiquement, l’objectif poursuivi dans cet article vise, d’une part, a comprendre l’emergence des infrastructures du trail, en tant qu’innovation sportive, dans les territoires touristiques suisses et, d’autre part, a discuter du role innovant, ou non, du trail dans les processus de diversification du tourisme en montagne.

/pdf/l-innovation-au-coeur-de-la-diversification-touristique-des-3wkcl1jc32.pdf

L’innovation au cœur de la diversification touristique des stations de montagne ?. Approche critique du rôle du trail en Suisse

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