Computerized room acoustics modeling has been practiced for almost 50 years up to date. These modeling techniques play an important role in room acoustic design nowadays, often including auralization, but can also help in the construction of virtual environments for such applications as computer games, cognitive research, and training. This overview describes the main principles, landmarks in the development, and state-of-the-art for techniques that are based on geometrical acoustics principles. A focus is given to their capabilities to model the different aspects of sound propagation: specular vs diffuse reflections, and diffraction.

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Overview of geometrical room acoustic modeling techniques

Geometrical acoustics are used as a standard model for room acoustic design and consulting. Research on room acoustic simulation focuses on a more accurate modeling of propagation effects such as diffraction and other wave effects in rooms, and on scattering. Much progress was made in this field so that wave models also (for example, the boundary element method and the finite differences in time domain) can now be used for higher frequencies. The concepts and implementations of room simulation methods are briefly reviewed. After all, simulations in architectural acoustics are indeed powerful tools, but their reliability depends on the skills of the operator who has to create an adequate polygon model and has to choose the correct input data of boundary conditions such as absorption and scattering. Very little is known about the uncertainty of this input data. With the theory of error propagation of uncertainties it can be shown that prediction of reverberation times with accuracy better than the just noticeable difference requires input data in a quality which is not available from reverberation room measurements.

Computer simulations in room acoustics: Concepts and uncertainties

We show that book-to-market, size, and momentum capture cross-sectional variation in exposures to a broad set of macroeconomic factors identified in the prior literature as potentially important for pricing equities. The factors considered include innovations in economic growth expectations, inflation, the aggregate survival probability, the term structure of interest rates, and the exchange rate. Factor mimicking portfolios constructed on the basis of book-to-market, size, and momentum therefore serve as proxy composite macroeconomic risk factors. Conditional and unconditional cross-sectional asset pricing tests indicate that most of the macroeconomic factors are priced. The performance of an asset pricing model based on the macroeconomic factors is comparable to the performance of the Fama and French (1992, 1993) model. However, the momentum factor is found to contain incremental information for asset pricing.

Macroeconomic Risks and Characteristic-Based Factor Models

Recent advances in building acoustics: An overview of prediction methods and their applications

This paper presents the ITA-Toolbox [12, 14, 11, 10] for acoustic measurements and signal processing tasks in MATLAB. The ITA-Toolbox is being developed at the Institute of Technical Acoustics in order to provide a common and unified code base for researchers and students, and to ensure consistent data formats. This improved the reproducibility and sharing of research results and reduced the fragmentation and redundancy of code written by members of the institute for their daily work. Moreover, students directly benefit from the existing code base as they can purely focus on their thesis projects instead of worrying about implementing fundamental signal processing tasks. Since 2010, the ITA-Toolbox is available as open source software under the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license. Recently, the authors decided to migrate development to the RWTH Aachen GitLab repository with public access to make research conducted with the ITAToolbox more transparent and reproducible and to give researchers the opportunity to contribute. This paper gives an overview over the core features of the ITA-Toolbox, followed by a summary of the included applications. Finally, the role of the ITA-Toolbox in the light of open science is briefly outlined and informations on where to get the ITA-Toolbox as well as a short introduction on how to contribute to the project are given.

The ITA-Toolbox: An Open Source MATLAB Toolbox for Acoustic Measurements and Signal Processing

Thanks to the rapidly increasing computational power of contemporary computer systems, acoustic finite element (FE) applications are nowadays widely used to predict the modal behaviour of airborne and structure-borne sound waves in enclosed cavities. In room acoustics it is by now mostly possible to simulate the whole frequency range below the Schroeder frequency using FEM in reasonable simulation times, thus making it a promising contender for extending the validity of typically ray-based room acoustic simulations to lower frequencies. However, while contemporary CAD and meshing tools facilitate the design of high quality geometric models with regular and sufficiently fine meshes, the Achilles' heel of room acoustic FEM simulations appears to be the realistic representation of the room boundaries. The present study investigates the influence of different boundary representations of porous absorbers on the simulated sound field in small rooms. Therefore measurements and FE simulations of the sound field in a scale model room with a well defined geometry and variable boundary conditions are conducted. Two different approaches are followed to model the porous absorbers on the room boundaries. Firstly the absorber layers are modelled with their exact 3D dimensions using an 'equivalent homogeneous fluid' (EHF) model. Secondly the acoustic characteristics of a porous absorber are modelled by an acoustic surface impedance for either normal or field/diffuse incidence, which is determined by measurement or model calculation. The paper clearly points out the limitations of the applied boundary models and also brings out the differences between these models. As a conclusion the paper shows that by using field incidence impedances instead of normal incidence impedances the quality of room acoustic FE simulation results can in some cases be increased considerably and comparable results to those obtained with a 3D absorber model can be achieved even for non-locally reacting materials.

Efficient Modelling of Absorbing Boundaries in Room Acoustic FE Simulations

Combined wave and ray based room acoustic simulations of audio systems in car passenger compartments, Part I: Boundary and source data

Combined wave and ray based room acoustic simulations of audio systems in car passenger compartments, Part II: Comparison of simulations and measurements

Application of the Mirror Source Method for Low Frequency Sound Prediction in Rectangular Rooms

Latest room acoustic (RA) simulation tools use the powerful combination of geometrical acoustics (GA) for higher frequencies with the finite-element-method (FE) for the lower end. This hybrid approach has the potential to provide a highly accurate agreement between measured and simulated results, even for small spaces where wave effects play an important role at lower frequencies. However, inevitable uncertainties in the characterization of the complex acoustic behavior of real-world sources and room materials make a perfect perceptual match between simulated and measured auralizations almost unachievable in an ordinary room. In order to still benchmark the quality of a room acoustic simulation tool based on a comparison with measured results, a suitable test room is therefore required. In this study we therefore use a reverberation chamber room with controlled acoustic boundary and source conditions to compare measured and simulated monaural and binaural room impulse responses (RIR), both objectively and by subjective listening test. All simulations are conducted using state-of-the-art FE and GA simulation tools developed at ITA of RWTH Aachen University. The binaural measurements were done using the ITA artificial head. The best possible elimination of any inaccuracies caused by geometry simplifications, source or material uncertainties or the use of different HRTFs, enables an unbiased quality assessment of the simulation algorithms themselves. Thus the suggested benchmark test provides a measure of how close a simulation can converge to the actual measurement in an ideal case.

Quality assessment of room acoustic simulation tools by comparing binaural measurements and simulations in an optimized test scenario

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