Graphene based adsorbents for remediation of noxious pollutants from wastewater.

Supercapacitors are heavily researched in the field of energy storage due to their benefits, including high power density and cyclic stability compared to batteries. Although supercapacitors have limitations such as low energy density, development on polymers have made advancements on those limitations. This review seeks to describe the vast role that polymers play in the development of supercapacitors over the past decade. It explains the construction and classifies the components of a supercapacitor. Further, it touches on conducting polymers and the difference between synthetic polymers and biopolymers. An in-depth analysis of commonly studied polymeric materials are presented with systematic reporting and critical analysis of existing work. A summary of the findings together with foreseen challenges and future prospects are presented at the end of the review. Previous reviews have identified and explained the role that conducting polymers play in the synthesis of active supercapacitor electrodes. Rather, this review investigates the role of all polymeric materials in the development of both active and passive supercapacitor components. 

Recent studies on polymeric materials for supercapacitor development

Chitosan/Graphene Oxide-MWCNT/polyaniline (CS/GM/PANI) ternary nanocomposite has been synthesized via in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of CS/GM. The Morphology of nanocomposites was studied by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the supercapacitive behavior of the CS-based samples was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (CD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in 0.5M Na2SO4. It is found that the CS/GM/PANI nanocomposite displays much higher specific capacitance along with better cycle stability than those of CS and CS/GM. The specific capacitance of 609.2Fg-1 (48.5mFcm-2) was obtained for the CS/GM/PANI at a scan rate of 10mVs-1. In addition, the synthesized nanocomposite retained 96% of the initial capacitance after 500 cycles of charge-discharge at a current density of 5Ag-1. The improvement in the supercapacitive behavior of CS/GM/PANI may be attributed to the porous structure and pseudocapacitive mechanism of charge-storage.

A Novel High-Performance Supercapacitor based on Chitosan/Graphene Oxide-MWCNT/Polyaniline

In this study, porous activated carbons (AC) were synthesized by an environmentally friendly technique involving chemical activation and carbonization, with an in-depth experimental study carried out to understand the electrochemical behaviour in different aqueous electrolytes (KOH, LiCl, and Na2SO4). The electrochemical performance of the AC electrode was evaluated by different techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge/discharge and impedance spectroscopy. The results obtained demonstrate that the AC materials in different electrolytes exhibit unique double layer properties. In particular, the AC electrode tested in 6 M KOH showed the best electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacitance and efficiency. A specific capacitance of 129 F g−1 was obtained at 0.5 A g−1 with a corresponding solution resistance of 0.66 Ω in an operating voltage window of 0.8 V, with an efficiency of ∼100% at different current densities.

/pdf/investigation-of-different-aqueous-electrolytes-on-the-6anz2oxr43.pdf

Investigation of different aqueous electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitors

Preparation and characterization of porous carbon from expanded graphite for high energy density supercapacitor in aqueous electrolyte

The design and fabrication of porous electrode materials is highly desirable for improving the performance of electrochemical supercapacitors (ECs) and thus, it is important to produce such porous materials in large quantities. In this study, we used a microwave method to produce porous carbonaceous materials designated as graphene foam/polyvinyl alcohol/formaldehyde (GF/PVA/F) and graphene foam-polyvinyl alcohol/phenol-formaldehyde (GF/PVA/PF) from graphene foam, phenol formaldehyde and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the surface morphology, structural defects and functional groups of the materials respectively. Based on these porous materials, the two symmetrical ECs fabricated exhibited a specific capacitance in the range of 0.62–1.92 F cm−2, phase angles of −81° and −84° and resistor–capacitor (RC) relaxation time constants of 4 and 14 seconds. The physicochemical properties of the electrolyte ion (diffusion) and its influence on the capacitive behavior of the porous materials were elucidated. These encouraging results demonstrate the versatile potential of these porous materials (GF/PVA/F and GF/PVA/PF) in developing high energy storage devices.

/pdf/morphological-characterization-and-impedance-spectroscopy-32k0ltnfeo.pdf

Morphological characterization and impedance spectroscopy study of porous 3D carbons based on graphene foam-PVA/phenol-formaldehyde resin composite as an electrode material for supercapacitors

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Morphological characterization and impedance spectroscopy study of porous 3D carbons based on graphene foam-PVA/phenol-formaldehyde resin composite as an electrode material for supercapacitors