Occurrence and chemical speciation analysis of organotin compounds in the environment: a review.

Four new organotin(IV) chlorin derivatives, [chlorin=chlorin-e(6)=21H,23H-porphine-2-propanoic acid, 18-carboxy-20-(carboxymethyl)-8-ethenyl-13-ethyl-2,3-di-hydro-3,7,12,17-tetramethyl-(2S-trans)-], with formula (R(2)Sn)(3)(chlorin)(2).2H(2)O (R=Me, n-Bu) and (R(3)Sn)(3)chlorin.2H(2)O (R=Me, Ph) have been synthesized. The solid state and solution phase structures have been investigated by FT-IR, (119)Sn Mössbauer, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. In the solid state, (R(2)Sn)(3)(chlorin)(2).2H(2)O complexes contain six coordinated Sn(IV), in a skew trapezoidal environment by forming trans-R(2)SnO(4) polymeric units. As far as (R(3)Sn)(3)chlorin.2H(2)O complexes are concerned, Sn(IV) is five coordinated in a polymeric (oligomeric) trigonal bipyramidal environment and eq-R(3)SnO(2) units, in the solid state. In saturated solutions, a polymeric structure comparable to the solid phase, with carboxylate groups of the ligand behaving in monoanionic bidentate fashion bridging Sn(IV) atoms, was detected for the (Me(3)Sn)(3)chlorin.2H(2)O complex, while in more diluted ones a tetrahedral configuration for the trimethyltin(IV) moieties was observed. Cytotoxic activity of the novel organotin(IV) chlorin was investigated in order to assay the effect on sea urchin embryonic development. The results obtained demonstrated that (n-Bu(2)Sn)(3)(chlorin)(2).2H(2)O and (Ph(3)Sn)(3)chlorin.2H(2)O exerted the antimitotic effect on the early stages of sea urchin development. In addition, the cytotoxic effect exerted by (n-Bu(2)Sn)(3)(chlorin)(2).2H(2)O appeared with necrosis of the blastomeres, which were clearly destroyed. After treatment with (Ph(3)Sn)(3)chlorin.2H(2)O, a programmed cell death was triggered, as shown by light microscope observations through morphological assays. The apoptotic events in 2-cell stage embryos revealed: (i) DNA fragmentation, with the TUNEL reaction (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling); (ii) phosphatidylserine translocation in the membrane, with Annexin-V assay and (iii) cytoplasm blebbing, with the TUNEL reaction. The results demonstrated that the novel compound (Ph(3)Sn)(3)chlorin.2H(2)O was the most toxic derivative, by exerting antimitotic effect very early and by triggering apoptosis in the 2-cell stage of sea urchin embryonic development.

Synthesis, structural investigations on organotin(IV) chlorin-e6 complexes, their effect on sea urchin embryonic development and induced apoptotic changes

The mechanisms by which the strong antitumor diorganotin(IV) compound di-n-butyl-di-(4-chlorobenzohydroxamato)tin(IV) (DBDCT) induces apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells were first investigated. Inhibition of proliferation of four cancer cell lines compared with normal human hepatic L-O2 cells, cancer cell apoptosis, and expression of related mRNA and protein were detected using the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT), flow cytometry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, and DNA ladder assays, and electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry. DBDCT decreased cancer cell proliferation rates in a dose- and time-dependent manner and changed the cycle distribution of SGC-7901 cells; the proportion of cells in G0–G1 phase was increased, whereas the numbers in S and G2–M phases were decreased. Blockade of the cell cycle was perhaps associated with increased levels of p21, p27, p53 and the decreased level of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Apoptosis was characterized by DNA fragmentation, chromosomal condensation, apoptotic bodies, sub-G1 peaks, and an increased apoptotic rate, as shown using the annexin V-FITC method. Pretreatment of cells with N-acetylcysteine and caspase-9 inhibitor could reduce growth inhibition and DBDCT-induced apoptosis. The results showed that DBDCT-mediated cell-cycle arrest might occur through the induction of p21 in a p53-dependent manner and that DBDCT induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway is perhaps mediated by increasing Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, which result in the loss of ΔΨm, release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, activation of caspase-3 and -9, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Mol. Carcinog. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Mechanisms by which the antitumor compound di‐n‐butyl‐di‐(4‐chlorobenzohydroxamato)tin(IV) induces apoptosis and the mitochondrial‐mediated signaling pathway in human cancer SGC‐7901 cells

Butyltin compounds (BTs), including tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products, dibutyltin and monobutyltin, have been found in a diversity of aquatic systems and causing toxic effects in target and nontarget organisms. They enter in coastal systems through different sources (as antifouling paints, industrial effluents, etc.) where they interact with biotic and abiotic components, and their distribution is commonly determined by the morphological and hydrodynamic conditions of the coastal systems. In this study, we discuss the contamination by BTs on a spatial scale (eight estuaries with three subareas each) and in different compartments of the estuaries (sediments, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and estuarine catfish tissues (liver and gills). Lower concentrations of BTs were found in the sediments (n.d. to 338 ng g(-1)) in comparison to studies before a ban of TBT in antifouling paints was enacted, mostly indicating an old input or preservation related with sediment properties and composition. For SPM samples (n.d. to 175 ng L(-1)) as well as in fish tissues (n.d. to 1426 ng g(-1)), the presence of these compounds was frequent, especially in the fish due to their movement throughout the estuaries and the potential to assess point sources of BTs. These results indicate that BTs persist in the environment, with variation in amounts between investigated estuaries and even at locations inside the same estuary, because of ideal preservation conditions, transport to remote areas, and input from different sources.

/pdf/distribution-of-butyltin-compounds-in-brazil-s-southern-and-1c2s6858uh.pdf

Distribution of butyltin compounds in Brazil's southern and southeastern estuarine ecosystems: assessment of spatial scale and compartments

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been studied in 4-day post-fertilization juveniles of Ciona intestinalis exposed to tributyltin (TBT) at 10-5 M using the histochemical method of Karnovsky and Roots. Relative to vertebrate tissues and organs, the development of adult form of ascidians is interesting, because the analysis of many nuclear genes indicated that the ascidians are the closest living relatives of the vertebrates. Therefore, toxicity research using different approaches could provide data for comparative studies with vertebrates. AChE is over-expressed under chemical stress and in some diseases of vertebrates. Therefore, AChE is considered a biomarker of environmental contamination. Recently, we showed that eggs and embryos of ascidians over-express AChE activity after TBT exposure. Thus, the aim of the present study is to extend our previous findings by evaluating the effects of TBT on AChE activity in the embryos of this chordate and their suitability as good materials for comparativ...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00087114.2012.678082

Acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile Ciona intestinalis (Ascidiacea, Urochordata) after exposure to tributyltin

The histopathological effects of 10−7 and 10−9M tributyltin(IV)chloride,TBTCl, solutions on different Liza saliens organs have been studied by light microscope. The fish were sacrificed after 3–4 h incubation in 10−7M TBTCl solution or after 15 days incubation in 10−9M solution. The observed histopathological changes were dose- and time-dependent. The 10−7M TBTCl concentration resulted in major damage to the gill epithelium, indicating that TBTCl primarily interfered with the respiration, osmoregulation, acid balance and nitrogenous waste excretion processes. After incubation in 10−9M TBTCl solution the fish lived 20 or more days, but many of the organs were altered. Thymus atrophy, reduced spleen and altered head kidney were observed. These histological results indicated that TBTCl interfered with organ immunodefense and altered main metabolic pathways in Liza saliens. The presence of melano-macrophage centers, only in TBT-treated liver and spleen, can be considered a tool to facilitate, with other biomarkers, the detection of alterations by toxicants. Regarding the pancreas activity in 10−7M solutions, it has been noted that, in the exocrine cells, very few zymogen granules were still present and the Langerhans islets were more altered. In 10−9M solution the exocrine pancreatic cells had no granules and the islet cells presented degenerative alterations. In addition, TBTCl, which altered the pancreas and gonad morphology, could again be considered an endocrine disrupter even if biochemical data are still necessary. Finally, the Liza saliens juveniles could be considered an interesting biological model for experiments with contaminants, due to their ease of adaptation to experimental conditions and food chain position. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Effects of sublethal levels of tributyltin chloride on a new toxicity test organism, Liza saliens (Osteichthyes, Mugilidae)

The distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity has been studied in ovary, unfertilized egg, em- bryos and larva of Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia malaca (Ascidiacea, Urochordata) by biochemical and histochemical methods. The biochemical results have shown that the AChE activity is detected in ovary, and in the egg before fer- tilization; it rises from 8-cell stage up to gastrula, neurula, and above all at swimming larva. Cholinesterase activity has been histochemically localized and the results of this study agree with the biochemical data. The distribution of the enzyme activity in ovary and in different stages of development suggests also a non-classical role on maturation of female gametes, on cell adhesiveness and interaction, on differentiation, on secretion and apoptosis process.

http://www.caryologia.unifi.it/past_volumes/59_4/59-4_gei09.pdf

Further data on expression of acetylcholinesterase during oogenesis and embryonic development of Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia malaca (Ascidiacea,Urochordata): a biochemical and histochemical study

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Mansueto C

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Effects of sublethal levels of tributyltin chloride on a new toxicity test organism, Liza saliens (Osteichthyes, Mugilidae)

Further data on expression of acetylcholinesterase during oogenesis and embryonic development of Ciona intestinalis and Ascidia malaca (Ascidiacea,Urochordata): a biochemical and histochemical study