Studies examining the regulatory roles and clinical applications of monosaccharides other than glucose in cancer have been neglected. Mannose, a common type of monosaccharide found in human body fluids and tissues, primarily functions in protein glycosylation rather than carbohydrate metabolism. Recent research has demonstrated direct anticancer effects of mannose in vitro and in vivo. Simply supplementing cell culture medium or drinking water with mannose achieved these effects. Moreover, mannose enhances the effectiveness of current cancer treatments including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune therapy. Besides the advancements in basic research on the anticancer effects of mannose, recent studies have reported its application as a biomarker for cancer or in the delivery of anticancer drugs using mannose-modified drug delivery systems. This review discusses the progress made in understanding the regulatory roles of mannose in cancer progression, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer effects, and its current application in cancer diagnosis and treatment. 

Biological function, regulatory mechanism, and clinical application of mannose in cancer.

Adhesion to aggression: unravelling sLea and sLex in cancer metastasis

ABSTRACT Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) that play a central role in regulating immune responses by linking innate and adaptive immunity. In recent decades, substantial progress has been made in understanding the development, classification, and diverse functions of DCs. However, a comprehensive overview integrating recent advances in the biology and therapeutic targeting of DCs remains lacking. This review systematically summarizes the origin, developmental pathways, and subset heterogeneity of DCs, including classical type 1 and 2 DCs, plasmacytoid DCs, monocyte‐derived DCs, and Langerhans cells. Moreover, it further details the core biological functions of DCs, including antigen capture, migration, and maturation; antigen presentation; activation of adaptive immunity; induction of immune tolerance; and modulation of innate immune responses. The pathological roles of DCs in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and infectious diseases are discussed, highlighting emerging DC‐based therapeutic strategies. Importantly, this review provides a summary of both preclinical studies and clinical trials involving DC‐targeted therapies, offering a translational perspective. This work aims to deepen the understanding of DC immunobiology and to provide a valuable foundation for the development of novel DC‐based immunotherapies. 

Dendritic Cells: Origin, Classification, Development, Biological Functions, and Therapeutic Potential

In view of the severe downsides of conventional cancer therapies, the quest of developing alternative strategies still remains of critical importance. In this regard, antigen cross-presentation, usually employed by dendritic cells (DCs), has been recognized as a potential solution to overcome the present impasse in anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. It has been established that an elevated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against cancer cells can be achieved by targeting receptors expressed on DCs with specific ligands. Glycans are known to serve as ligands for C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) expressed on DCs, and are also known to act as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), and, thus, can be harnessed as a potential immunotherapeutic target. In this scenario, integrating the knowledge of cross-presentation and glycan-conjugated nanovaccines can help us to develop so called ‘glyco-nanovaccines’ (GNVs) for targeting DCs. Here, we briefly review and analyze the potential of GNVs as the next-generation anti-tumor immunotherapy. We have compared different antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for their ability to cross-present antigens and described the potential nanocarriers for tumor antigen cross-presentation. Further, we discuss the role of glycans in targeting of DCs, the immune response due to pathogens, and imitative approaches, along with parameters, strategies, and challenges involved in cross-presentation-based GNVs for cancer immunotherapy. It is known that the effectiveness of GNVs in eradicating tumors by inducing strong CTL response in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been largely hindered by tumor glycosylation and the expression of different lectin receptors (such as galectins) by cancer cells. Tumor glycan signatures can be sensed by a variety of lectins expressed on immune cells and mediate the immune suppression which, in turn, facilitates immune evasion. Therefore, a sound understanding of the glycan language of cancer cells, and glycan–lectin interaction between the cancer cells and immune cells, would help in strategically designing the next-generation GNVs for anti-tumor immunotherapy.

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Canvassing Prospects of Glyco-Nanovaccines for Developing Cross-Presentation Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy

Overcoming the novel glycan-lectin checkpoints in tumor microenvironment for the success of the cross-presentation-based immunotherapy

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Canvassing Prospects of Glyco-Nanovaccines for Developing Cross-Presentation Mediated Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy

Overcoming the novel glycan-lectin checkpoints in tumor microenvironment for the success of the cross-presentation-based immunotherapy