The treatment of dye-containing wastewater generated from textile industries is still a challenge, and various technologies, including physical, chemical and biological ones have been used. In recent years, the ionizing radiation (usually including gamma ray generated by radionuclide, such as 60Co and 137Cs, and electron beam generated by electron accelerator) technology has received increasing attention for degrading refractory or toxic organic pollutants in wastewater because of its unique advantages, such as no chemical additives, fast reaction rate, strong degradation capacity, high efficiency, flexibility, controllability. Compared to the conventional wastewater treatment processes, ionizing radiation technology, as a disruptive wastewater treatment technology, is more efficient for the decolorization and degradation of dyes and the treatment of dye-containing wastewater. In this paper, the recent advances in the treatment of dye-containing wastewater by ionizing radiation, in particular by electron beam (EB) radiation were summarized and analyzed, focusing on the decolorization and degradation of various dyes. Firstly, the formation of various reactive species induced by radiation and their interactions with dye molecules, as well as the influencing factors on the removal efficiency of dyes were discussed. Secondly, the researches on the treating dye-containing wastewater by electron beam radiation technology were systematically reviewed. Then, the decolorization and degradation mechanisms by electron beam radiation were further discussed in detail. And the integrated processes that would contribute to the advancement of this technology in practical applications were examined. More importantly, the recent advances of electron beam radiation technology from laboratory to application were reviewed, especially successful operation of dye-containing wastewater treatment facilities in China. And eventually, current challenges, future research directions, and outlooks of electron beam radiation technology were proposed for further advancing this technology for the sustainable development of water resources. 

Decolorization and degradation of various dyes and dye-containing wastewater treatment by electron beam radiation technology: An overview.

The properties of γ-ray-reduced graphene oxide samples (GRGOs) were compared with those of hydrazine hydrate-reduced graphene oxide (HRGO). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, electrometry, and cyclic voltammetry were carried out to verify the reduction process, structural changes, and defects of the samples, as well as to measure their thermal, electrical, and electrochemical properties. Irradiation with γ-rays distorted the structure of GRGOs and generated massive defects through the extensive formation of new smaller sp2-hybridized domains compared with those of HRGO. The thermal stability of GRGOs was higher than that of HRGO, indicating the highly efficient removal of thermally-labile oxygen species by γ-rays. RRGO prepared at 80 kGy showed a pseudocapacitive behavior comparable with the electrical double-layer capacitance behavior of HRGO. Interestingly, the specific capacitance of GRGO was enhanced by nearly three times compared with that of HRGO. These results reflect the advantages of radiation reduction in energy storage applications.

Electrical, thermal and electrochemical properties of γ-ray-reduced graphene oxide

Developing a respiratory analysis disease diagnosis platform for the H2S biomarker has great significance for the real-time detection of various diseases. However, achieving highly sensitive and rapid detection of H2S gas at the parts per billion level at low temperatures is one of the most critical challenges for developing portable exhaled gas sensors. Herein, Cu2O-multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) heterostructures with excellent gas sensitivity to H2S at room temperature and a lower temperature were successfully synthesized by a facile two-dimensional (2D) electrodeposition in situ assembly method. The combination of Cu2O and MWCNTs via the principle of optimal conductance growth not only reduced the initial resistance of the material but also provided an ideal interfacial barrier structure. Compared to the response of the pure Cu2O sensor, that of the Cu2O-MWCNT sensor to 1 ppm of H2S increased nearly 800 times at room temperature, and the response time decreased by more than 500 s. In addition to the excellent sensitivity with detection limits as low as 1 ppb, the Cu2O-MWCNT sensor was extremely selective with low-temperature adaptability. The sensor had a response value of 80.6 to 0.1 ppm of H2S at −10 °C, which is difficult to achieve with sensors based on oxygen adsorption/desorption mechanisms. The sensor was used for the detection of real oral exhaled breath, confirming its feasibility as a real-time disease monitoring sensor. The Cu2O-MWCNT heterostructures maximized the advantages of the individual components and laid the experimental foundation for future applications of highly sensitive portable breath analysis platforms for monitoring H2S. 

Ultrasensitive Bio-H2S Gas Sensor Based on Cu2O-MWCNT Heterostructures.

The increasing shortage of freshwater resources needs to be addressed urgently. Solar-driven desalination and wastewater purification are efficient and green methods to obtain freshwater resources. However, it is still a challenge to obtain efficient, stable, salt-resistant, antimicrobial, and antifouling evaporators. To address this challenge, in this study, polyacrylamide-based reduced graphene oxide hydrogels with a porous structure were synthesized in situ by a one-step radiative reduction method, and silver nanoparticles were introduced on this basis. Graphene/silver composite hydrogel (ArG-Ag) exhibits fast water transport, thermal localization, and low enthalpy of water evaporation, achieving an excellent evaporation rate of 3.089 kg m-2h−1 (one sun) and an evaporation efficiency of 122.7 %, as well as good mechanical stability, salt resistance, and salt ion purification after 8 cycles of evaporation. The ArG-Ag evaporator exhibits 99 % 24 h bacterial inhibition against E. coli and 210-day long-term mold resistance, effectively resisting biological contamination of seawater. In this study, multifunctional evaporators with integrated high efficiency evaporation performance, salt resistance, antimicrobial, antifungal, antifouling, and catalytic properties are proposed, which are expected to be used for seawater desalination and wastewater purification. 

Multifunctional graphene/Ag hydrogel with antimicrobial and catalytic properties for efficient solar-driven desalination and wastewater purification

Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of toxic gases at room temperature is highly desired in health protection but presents grand challenges in the sensing materials reported so far. Here, we present a gas sensor based on novel zero dimensional (0D)/two dimensional (2D) indium oxide (In2O3)/titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) Schottky heterostructures with a high surface area and rich oxygen vacancies for parts per billion (ppb) level nitrogen dioxide (NO2) detection at room temperature. The In2O3/Ti3C2Tx gas sensor exhibits a fast response time (4 s), good response (193.45% to 250 ppb NO2), high selectivity, and excellent cycling stability. The rich surface oxygen vacancies play the role of active sites for the adsorption of NO2 molecules, and the Schottky junctions effectively adjust the charge-transfer behavior through the conduction tunnel in the sensing material. Furthermore, In2O3 nanoparticles almost fully cover the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets which can avoid the oxidation of Ti3C2Tx, thus contributing to the good cycling stability of the sensing materials. This work sheds light on the sensing mechanism of heterojunction nanostructures and provides an efficient pathway to construct high-performance gas sensors through the rational design of active sites.

Mesoporous and Encapsulated In2O3/Ti3C2Tx Schottky Heterojunctions for Rapid and ppb-Level NO2 Detection at Room Temperature.

Magnetism is a promising external intervention for gas sensitivity based on a heterogeneous interfacial structure caused by the regulation of the heterogeneous interface conductivity and the surface oxygen adsorption. In this study, Cu2O/NiO heterostructure-ordered nanoarrays were prepared with a two-dimensional (2D) electrodeposition in situ assembly method for H2S gas detection at room temperature under the action of a magnetic field. The nanoarrays were multibarrier structures with a strictly periodic structure that was greater than hundreds of microns in size. The experimental data confirmed that the response of 50 ppm of H2S based on the nanoarrays was improved by nearly 61% with a relatively weak magnetic field. Particularly at a low concentration (≤20 ppm), the effect of the magnetic field enhancement on the sensitivity was more obvious. We attributed the enhancement of the gas sensitivity with the magnetic field to the regulation of the Cu2O-NiO interface conductance and the surface oxygen adsorption. This study demonstrated that a magnetic field could significantly enhance the gas sensitivity based on heterostructures. Results of this study provide an important reference for the application of magnetism in gas detection and the design of new gas-sensitive materials.

Magnetic-Field-Enhanced H2S Sensitivity of Cu2O/NiO Heterostructure Ordered Nanoarrays.

In this work, we reported a facile and environmentally friendly approach for the preparing of 3D graphene/Pt aerogel by gamma irradiation at room temperature. Graphene oxide (GO) and platinum ion a...

Fabrication of ultralight 3D graphene/Pt aerogel via in situ gamma-ray irradiation and its application for the catalytic degradation of methyl orange

Study on the post-irradiation oxidation of polyethylenes using EPR and FTIR technique

Stability study of Disperse Blue 79 under ionizing radiation

In this work, the preparation of magnetic graphene noble metal aerogels(GA-Fe3O4-Au-ethanol) was realized by self-assembly induced by radiation reduction. The prepared material GA-Fe3O4-Au-ethanol can be easily attracted by the magnet....

Magnetic graphene noble metal aerogels: preparation and application for Catalytic degradation of 4-NP

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