Phenothiazine is one of the most extensively investigated aromatic compound owing to its unique optical and electronic properties, low cost, and easy functionalization. In recent years, phenothiazine and its derivatives...

Recent advances in the development of phenothiazine and its fluorescent derivatives for optoelectronic applications

The advancement of unique, organic materials possessing exclusive solid-state photoluminescence properties is highly challenging due to their noteworthy contribution to materials chemistry and technology. Considering this, a class of novel...

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2022/ma/d1ma01162f

Systematic photophysical, thermal and electrochemical analysis of a series of phenothiazine cored conjugated aromatic unit appended D-π-A based high-solid state luminescence materials: their applications in reversible mechano-fluorochromism and volatile acid sensing

The development of highly efficient hole transport materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been a hot research topic. Acridine and its derivatives are gradually utilized as new blocks for optoelectronic applications, which stems from its rigid conjugated structure, shedding a new light on this old molecule. Meanwhile, its application in PSCs as a HTM has not been well explored, and the efficiency of 9,10-dihydroacridine (ACR)-based HTMs is relatively low. In this work, we conduct a systematic modulation of the peripheral substituents for ACR core building block-based HTMs and investigate the effects of the electron-donating ability and π-conjugation of peripheral groups on the photovoltaic performance of the corresponding HTMs. It is found that the peripheral groups with a weaker electron-donating ability and stronger π-conjugation are more suitable for the acridine core, which itself has a stronger electron-donating ability. Through molecular engineering, the newly developed HTM ACR-PhDM achieves an impressive power conversion efficiency of 23.5%. Our work lays the foundation for the design and development of efficient HTMs in the future. 

Molecular Engineering of Peripheral Substitutions to Construct Efficient Acridine Core-Based Hole Transport Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells

Stimuli-Responsive Phenothiazine-S,S-dioxide-Based Nondoped OLEDs with Color-Changeable Electroluminescence

In conventional (n‐i‐p) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), spiro‐OMeTAD is the most widely used hole‐transporting material (HTM), which contributes to the current state‐of‐the‐art efficiency. Suffering from the low conductivity, dopants such as LiTFSI (lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) and tBP are usually required to achieve excellent hole transport properties in spiro‐OMeTAD. Nevertheless, the hygroscopicity and the migration of Li+ during device operation severely affect the device's stability. To address the aforementioned issue, a 12‐crown‐4‐based organic semiconductor (CDT) is synthesized and applied in PSCs. Notably, CDT is simultaneously doped in spiro‐OMeTAD and perovskite layer through the antisolvent method. In this way, the strong “host‐guest” interaction between crown ether and Li+ effectively inhibits its migration both in the hole transporting layer (HTL) and at the perovskite/HTM interface. Furthermore, the carbazole diphenylamine group in CDT facilitates hole transport, and meanwhile improves the hydrophobicity of the HTL. In addition, CDT added into the perovskite layer is also able to passivate defects by interacting with the undercoordinated Pb2+. In light of the aforementioned advantages, the CDT‐based device shows a high power conversion efficiency approaching 23%, with excellent long‐term stability.

Simultaneously Modifying Hole Transport Material and Perovskite via a Crown Ether‐Based Semiconductor Toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Hole-selective layers are an indispensable component for the fabrication of effective perovskite solar cells. We designed and developed two phenothiazine-based hole transport materials: PTADAnCBZ with an electron-donating sulfur atom and PTODAnCBZ with an electron-withdrawing sulfone group in the core. PTODAnCBZ in contrast to PTADAnCBZ possesses a unique molecular orbital distribution and lower dihedral angles, which endowed it with excellent optoelectrical properties, improved charge transportation, and thermal stability. The solar cells fabricated with PTODAnCBZ yielded a higher photovoltaic (PV) performance as compared to PTADAnCBZ and were on par in terms of performance with those fabricated with Spiro-OMeTAD. Notably, the phenothiazine-based PV devices showed improved stability under multi-stress conditions including moisture, moisture and light, and moisture and heat. Phenothiazine-based molecules showed unparalleled thermal stability as compared to the doped Spiro-OMeTAD. Our findings pinpoint the advantages of cost-effective phenothiazine with dioxide as hole-selective layers and suggest its application in a variety of optoelectrical devices such as PVs and organic LED.

Tailoring of a Phenothiazine Core for Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Stability: Hole-Selective Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells.

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Tailoring of a Phenothiazine Core for Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Stability: Hole-Selective Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells.