Prolonged low-grade inflammation or smoldering inflammation is a hallmark of a cancer. Eosinophils are components of the immune microenvironment that modulates tumor initiation and progression. Although canonically associated with a detrimental role in allergic disorders, these cells can induce a protective immune response against helminthes, viral and bacterial pathogens. Eosinophils are a source of anti-tumorigenic (e.g., TNF-α, granzyme, cationic proteins, and IL-18) and protumorigenic molecules (e.g., pro-angiogenic factors) depending on the milieu. In several neoplasias (e.g., melanoma, gastric, colorectal, oral and prostate cancer) eosinophils play an anti-tumorigenic role, in others (e.g., Hodgkin's lymphoma, cervical carcinoma) have been linked to poor prognosis, whereas in yet others they are apparently innocent bystanders. These seemingly conflicting results suggest that the role of eosinophils and their mediators could be cancer-dependent. The microlocalization (e.g., peritumoral vs intratumoral) of eosinophils could be another important aspect in the initiation/progression of solid and hematological tumors. Increasing evidence in experimental models indicates that activation/recruitment of eosinophils could represent a new therapeutic strategy for certain tumors (e.g., melanoma). Many unanswered questions should be addressed before we understand whether eosinophils are an ally, adversary or neutral bystanders in different types of human cancers.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/2162402X.2017.1393134

Eosinophils: The unsung heroes in cancer?

Eosinophils are evolutionarily conserved, pleotropic cells that display key effector functions in allergic diseases, such as asthma. Nonetheless, eosinophils infiltrate multiple tumours and are equipped to regulate tumour progression either directly by interacting with tumour cells or indirectly by shaping the tumour microenvironment (TME). Eosinophils can readily respond to diverse stimuli and are capable of synthesizing and secreting a large range of molecules, including unique granule proteins that can potentially kill tumour cells. Alternatively, they can secrete pro-angiogenic and matrix-remodelling soluble mediators that could promote tumour growth. Herein, we aim to comprehensively outline basic eosinophil biology that is directly related to their activity in the TME. We discuss the mechanisms of eosinophil homing to the TME and examine their diverse pro-tumorigenic and antitumorigenic functions. Finally, we present emerging data regarding eosinophils as predictive biomarkers and effector cells in immunotherapy, especially in response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy, and highlight outstanding questions for future basic and clinical cancer research.

A new dawn for eosinophils in the tumour microenvironment.

This highly acclaimed book has been extensively revised and updated throughout to ensure all drug and dosage recommendations are accurate and in agreement with current guidelines. A new chapter on infections caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii has been added. The book has been designed to enable rapid information retrieval and to help clinicians make informed decisions about diagnosis and patient management. Each chapter concludes with a list of recent key publications which have been carefully selected to facilitate efficient access to further information on specific aspects of fungal infections.

Fungal Infection: Diagnosis and Management

The digestive system cancers are aggressive cancers with the highest mortality worldwide. In this study, we undertook a systematic investigation of the tumor immune microenvironment to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The fraction of 22 immune cell types of patients were estimated using CIBERSORT. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis was carried out to identify important immune predictors. By comparing immune cell compositions in 801 tumor samples and 46 normal samples, we constructed the diagnostic immune score (DIS), showing high specificity and sensitivity in the training (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.929), validation (AUC = 0.935), and different cancer type cohorts (AUC > 0.70 for all). We also established the prognostic immune score (PIS), which was an effective prognostic factor for relapse-free survival in training, validation, and entire cohorts (P < .05). In addition, PIS provided a higher net benefit than TNM stage. A composite nomogram was built based on PIS and patients' clinical information with well-fitted calibration curves (c-index = 0.84). We further used other cohorts from Gene Expression Omnibus databases and obtained similar results, confirming the reliability and validity of the DIS and PIS. In addition, the unsupervised clustering analysis using immune cell proportions revealed 6 immune subtypes, suggesting that the immune types defined as having relatively high levels of M0 or/and M1 macrophages were the high-risk subtypes of relapse. In conclusion, this study comprehensively analyzed the tumor immune microenvironment and identified DIS and PIS for digestive system cancers.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cas.14216

Immune cell infiltration as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of digestive system cancer

Interest in the use of cell-free nucleic acids (CFNAs) as clinical non-invasive biomarker panels for prediction and prevention of multiple diseases has greatly increased over the last decade. Indeed, circulating CFNAs are attributable to many physiological and pathological processes such as imbalanced stress conditions, physical activities, extensive apoptosis of different origin, systemic hypoxic-ischemic events and tumour progression, amongst others. This article highlights the involvement of circulating CFNAs in local and systemic processes dealing with the question, whether specific patterns of CFNAs in blood, their detection, quantity and quality (such as their methylation status) might be instrumental to predict a disease development/progression and could be further utilised for accompanying diagnostics, targeted prevention, creation of individualised therapy algorithms, therapy monitoring and prognosis. Presented considerations conform with principles of 3P medicine and serve for improving individual outcomes and cost efficacy of medical services provided to the population.

/pdf/cell-free-nucleic-acid-patterns-in-disease-prediction-and-5drjl1bxqw.pdf

Cell-free nucleic acid patterns in disease prediction and monitoring-hype or hope?

Context: Candida species is a part of the normal mouth flora. Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for the onset of oral candidiasis. Aim: The objective of this study was to estimate salivary glucose in patient with diabetes and healthy individuals, to determine total candidal counts as well as different candidal species in the saliva of patients with diabetes and nondiabetics. Settings and Design: A sample size of 80 patients was taken. Out of 80 patients, 30 patients were uncontrolled diabetes patients (Group I), 30 patients were controlled diabetes patients (Group II), and 20 patients were healthy individuals (Group III). Subjects and Methods: From all the salivary samples, salivary glucose estimation was done using the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Candidal colony-forming units (CFUs) were determined from all the salivary samples. CHROMagar Candida medium was used for the identification of various Candida species. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA was used to test for differences between the means of the three groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient test was used to evaluate the relationships between the variables. Results: The mean salivary glucose levels were higher in Group I followed by Group II and Group III. The mean candidal CFU was significantly higher in Group I than in Group II and Group III. Conclusion: Candida glabrata was the predominant species found and more so in patients with diabetes and needs further study. Other common species isolated was C. albicans. Species identification can help in better treatment strategies and gain good control over the disease.

Candidal prevalence in diabetics and its species identification

The intra-operative histological assessment of fresh tissue can provide valuable diagnostic information and guide surgical management. Artifacts in histopathology, could create serious errors and cause misdiagnosis. In some cases, the degree of artifactural damage is so large that may involve the entire specimen, rendering it suboptimal or useless for diagnostic purposes. Biopsy specimens of oral cavity are of small size and fine texture resulting into higher effectiveness of artifacts on them. Some artefacts are easily distinguished from normal or pathological tissue components, and some are difficult to distinguish from such entities. Artefacts may encounter at various stages which include during routine collection of tissues, fixation, processing, cutting and staining of tissues. This review encorporates all artifacts occurs during each stage of histopathological processing of tissues, in an attempt to identify the artifacts, their causative factors and appearance histopathologically so to differentiate them from that of pathological entitiy.

/pdf/artifacts-in-histopathology-a-potential-cause-of-37hte964td.pdf

Artifacts in Histopathology: A Potential Cause of Misinterpretation.

Context: Extracted human teeth are routinely used in dentistry to learn technical and preclinical skills. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has adopted guidelines for infection control of extracted teeth used for research and teaching, requiring that teeth be sterilized before use. Many of the proposed disinfection methods starting from use of formalin, sodium hypochlorite and to autoclaving have their own drawbacks and may not be practical. Aim: To assess the effectiveness of vinegar for disinfection/sterilization of extracted human teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 extracted non-carious human teeth were kept in seven disinfectant media-10% formalin, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 70% alcohol, vinegar, neem extract and normal saline. Ten samples were placed in each disinfectant individually for a period of 7 days, at room temperature. In all, 10 teeth were treated with microwave irradiation at 650 W for 3 min. Later, teeth from each group were placed individually in separate test tubes containing 10 ml of tryptic soy broth at 37°C for 48 h to observe the evidence of growth of microorganisms. Semiquantitative analysis of all the samples was done in Clade agar at 37°C for 48 h. Statistical Analysis Used: The number of teeth disinfected in each group was compared using Chi square test. Results: 10% formalin, 3% hydrogen peroxide and vinegar were totally effective. The result was statistically significant with a Chi square value of 61.414 and P < 0.001. Conclusions: Vinegar can be used as an effective disinfectant medium for extracted human teeth.

Vinegar as a disinfectant of extracted human teeth for dental educational use.

Background and Aims: Myofibroblasts are one of the important components of the tumor microenvironment which could possibly play an important role in tumor progression The purpose of this study was to compare the presence of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and CD34 positive fibroblasts in nonmetastatic and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma and to evaluate their role in tumor metastasis Materials and Methods: Ten cases each of histologically proven metastatic and nonmetastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma formed the study group The tissue sections were stained immunohistochemically for α-SMA and CD34 The stromal spindle cells positive for these markers in the study groups were counted and compared Results: α-SMA positive cases were more in the metastatic group and CD34 positive cases were found to be more in the nonmetastatic tumors Conclusions: Though difference in the staining pattern was statistically nonsignificant, the inverse relationship between α-SMA and CD34 positive cells is indicative of dynamic nature and the influence of tumor stroma in tumor progression and metastasis

Stromal myofibroblasts in nonmetastatic and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma: An immunohistochemical study.

Background : Hepatitis B is an inflammatory disease of liver due to double stranded DNA virus of the hepadnaviridae, transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person. Hepatitis B poses a major health concern and is the world’s most common blood borne viral infection placing healthcare workers, medical and dental professionals at higher occupational risk and in India it is the second most common cause for acute hepatitis. To increase the awareness and knowledge about viral hepatitis WHO has declared 28 th July as the World Hepatitis Day/Eradication day. So the present survey was conducted to evaluate and compare the status of awareness of hepatitis B infection among dental practitioners and students. Methodology : A questionnaire based study was conducted on a randomized sample of 280 dental professionals including dental practitioners, dental postgraduate students and dental interns. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results & Conclusion: The results obtained reveal that 58.21% dental professionals were ignorant about the investigation procedures & diagnosis of hepatitis. While 82.15%, 95.36%, 58.22% and 93. 93% had good knowledge about hepatitis infection and its transmission, vaccine, attitude towards HBV patients and post exposure prophylaxis respectively. However, the status of awareness among dental practitioners, postgraduate students and interns was found to be insignificant (p >0.05).

/pdf/a-cross-sectional-study-on-the-knowledge-of-hepatitis-b-nczxktej6y.pdf

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Knowledge of Hepatitis B Infection among Dental Professionals

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