The prospective contribution of phyto-nanotechnology to the synthesis of silver nanomaterials for biomedical purposes is attracting increasing interest across the world. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) through plants has been extensively examined recently, and it is now seen to be a green and efficient path for future exploitation and development of practical nano-factories. Fabrication of Ag-NPs is the process involves use of plant extracts/phyto-compounds (e.g.alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds) to synthesise nanoparticles in more economical and feasible. Several findings concluded that in the field of medicine, Ag-NPs play a major role in pharmacotherapy (infection and cancer). Indeed, they exhibits novel properties but the reason is unclear (except some theoretical interpretation e.g. size, shape and morphology). But recent technological advancements help to address these questions by predicting the unique properties (composition and origin) by characterizing physical, chemical and biological properties. Due to increased list of publications and their application in the field of agriculture, industries and pharmaceuticals, issues relating to toxicity are unavoidable and question of debate. The present reviews aim to find out the role of plant extracts to synthesise Ag-NPs. It provides an overview of various phytocompounds and their role in the field of biomedicine (antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory etc.). In addition, this review also especially focused on various applications such as role in infection, oxidative stress, application in medical engineering, diagnosis and therapy, medical devices, orthopedics, wound healing and dressings. Additionally, the toxic effects of Ag-NPs in cell culture, tissue of different model organism, type of toxic reactions and regulation implemented to reduce associated risk are discussed critically. Addressing all above explanations, this review focus on the detailed properties of plant mediated Ag-NPs, its impact on biology, medicine and their commercial properties as well as toxicity. 

Promising applications of phyto-fabricated silver nanoparticles: Recent trends in biomedicine.

Neo-Coronavirus (NeoCoV) is a novel Betacoronavirus (β-CoVs or Beta-CoVs) discovered in bat specimens in South Africa during 2011. The viral sequence is highly similar to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, particularly that of structural proteins. Thus, scientists have emphasized the threat posed by NeoCoV associated with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) usage, which could lead to a high death rate and faster transmission rate in humans. The development of a NeoCoV vaccine could provide a promising option for the future control of the virus in case of human infection. In silico predictions can decrease the number of experiments required, making the immunoinformatics approaches cost-effective and convenient. Herein, with the aid of immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology, we aimed to formulate a multi-epitope vaccine that may be used to prevent and treat NeoCoV infection. Based on the NeoCoV proteins, B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and helper T lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes were shortlisted. Four vaccines (Neo-1–4) were devised by fusing shortlisted epitopes with appropriate adjuvants and linkers. The secondary and three-dimensional structures of final vaccines were then predicted. The binding interactions of these potential vaccines with toll-like immune receptors (TLR-2, TLR-3, and TLR-4) and major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC-I and II) reveal that they properly fit into the receptors’ binding domains. Besides, Neo-1 and Neo-4 vaccines exhibited better docking energies of -101.08 kcal/mol and -114.47 kcal/mol, respectively, with TLR-3 as compared to other vaccine constructs. The constructed vaccines are highly antigenic, non-allergenic, soluble, non-toxic, and topologically assessable with good physiochemical characteristics. Codon optimization and in-silico cloning confirmed efficient expression of the designed vaccines in Escherichia coli strain K12. In-silico immune simulation indicated that Neo-1 and Neo-4 vaccines could induce a strong immune response against NeoCoV. Lastly, the binding stability and strong binding affinity of Neo-1 and Neo-4 with TLR-3 receptor were validated using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations (Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area method). The final vaccines require experimental validation to establish their safety and effectiveness in preventing NeoCoV infections.

/pdf/exploring-whole-proteome-to-contrive-multi-epitope-based-1pau65fs.pdf

Exploring whole proteome to contrive multi-epitope-based vaccine for NeoCoV: An immunoinformtics and in-silico approach

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for regenerative medicine, offering potential treatments for a wide range of diseases and injuries. Although stem cell therapy has great promise, several obstacles have prevented its broad clinical adoption. The effectiveness of therapy has been inhibited by problems such as ineffective stem cell differentiation, low post-transplantation survival rates, and restricted control over stem cell behaviour. Furthermore, the implementation of stem cell therapies is further complicated by the possibility of immunological rejection and cancer. Innovative strategies that provide precise control over stem cell characteristics and maximize their therapeutic potential are desperately needed to overcome these obstacles. Recent studies have shown that the effectiveness of stem cell treatments can be greatly increased by nanoscale advances. By establishing an ideal microenvironment and precisely offering growth factors, nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and quantum dots have been demonstrated to improve stem cell differentiation and proliferation. This article provides an overview of the recent trends and applications of nanoscale innovations in the context of stem cell therapy. The recent development of precision medicine has been facilitated by the incorporation of nanotechnology into stem cell therapy. The ability to manipulate stem cells at the nanoscale offers unprecedented control over their behavior and function, opening up exciting possibilities for personalized and highly effective therapeutic interventions. This review paper highlights the recent trends and applications of nanotechnology in advancing stem cell therapy, showcasing its potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine. 

Current advancements in nanotechnology for stem cells

Introduction Considered one of the most significant medical discoveries of the 20th century, antibiotics have transformed healthcare by preventing countless deaths caused by bacterial infections. However, antibiotic resistance is a powerful foe that has emerged because of antibiotic overuse and misuse. Antimicrobial resistance poses an immediate threat to public health around the world, accounting for at least 1.27 million deaths globally and about 5 million fatalities in 20191. The efficacy of antibiotics is seriously threatened by the current global health crisis, endangering our capacity to treat common diseases. Antibiotic resistance is one of the main risks to modern development, food security, and global health, and it is an increasing global concern2. Anyone, anywhere in the world, at any age, can become resistant to antibiotics2. Worldwide, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance is increasing to dangerously high levels2. Every year, around 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant diseases happen in the United States1. The CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) estimates that, as a result, more than 35 000 people pass away1. More than $4.6 billion is spent on the treatment of infections each year in the United States due to six multidrug-resistant bacteria that are commonly identified in medical settings1. Our capacity to treat common infectious diseases is under threat from new resistance mechanisms that are emerging and spreading globally2,3. Given the urgency of the problem, a thorough grasp of the epidemiology, local dynamics, and mechanisms influencing the emergence of antibiotic resistance is necessary. Antibiotics used to treat an increasing array of diseases, including gonorrhea, pneumonia, TB (tuberculosis), and salmonellosis, are losing their effectiveness2. Dedicated prevention and infection control initiatives in the United States decreased mortality from antimicrobial-resistant infections by 18% nationwide and by nearly 30% in hospitals, according to the CDC's 2019 AR Threats Report1. However, according to the CDC's 2022 special report on the impact of COVID-19 on antibiotic resistance in the United States, a significant portion of that advancement was lost because of the global epidemic1. In 2020, the pandemic drove towns, health departments, and healthcare facilities to the brink of collapse, making it extremely difficult to continue the progress being made in the fight against antibiotic resistance1. Although the United States is a developed country, antibiotic resistance poses much more challenging problems for low- and middle-income nations. In these resource-poor environments, frontline healthcare personnel face particular challenges in their quest to deliver high-quality treatment while negotiating the murky waters of antibiotic resistance. This article analyzes the tactics that can enable healthcare professionals to tackle antibiotic resistance effectively and preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations. It also digs into the nuances of these difficulties. Urgent challenges and complexities in managing antibiotic resistance Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are more affected than high-income countries due to widespread antibiotic misuse, antibiotic use in agriculture, poor drug quality, inadequate surveillance, and other factors related to inadequate medical standards, malnutrition, chronic and recurrent infections, and the inability to afford more expensive and effective drugs4. Due to inadequate systems and knowledge, all of these are becoming more common in LMISs on a daily basis. In environments with limited resources, frontline healthcare providers are crucial to the healthcare system in LMICs and must deal with the difficult problem of antibiotic resistance. The stability of healthcare systems and the adequacy of necessary treatments are imperiled by antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is a worldwide health epidemic with far-reaching effects, and it presents a tough challenge in an already demanding situation. The global issue of antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly pressing, and frontline healthcare professionals in LMICs encounter difficulties in managing this problem in environments with inadequate resources. These difficulties include a lack of finances, inadequate infrastructure, restricted access to diagnostic equipment, and a lack of knowledge and training5. When deciding whether antibiotics are needed, an accurate diagnosis is essential, but in LMICs, healthcare facilities usually lack the required diagnostic equipment and skilled staff. While balancing the requirements of varied populations in healthcare is a universal problem, LMICs face unique challenges. The frequency of empirical treatment in LMICs, which is influenced by things like a high patient load and a shortage of medical staff, diagnostic tools, and pharmaceuticals, is an important topic that needs more research. Relying too much on empirical treatment may have the unintended consequence of breeding microorganisms that are resistant to drugs. Due to the conservative approach brought forth by this deficiency, antibiotics are often provided as a first resort, which exacerbates antibiotic resistance and misuse. To effectively combat antibiotic resistance, frontline healthcare professionals must strike a careful balance between meeting patients' needs, prescribing and administering antibiotics in accordance with best practices, and giving proper care. In addition to maintaining this delicate balance, frontline healthcare workers in LMICs frequently struggle with the application and ignorance of the World Health Organization's AWaRe framework6. Antibiotic resistance can be made worse by improper antibiotic prescription and distribution, which is a result of a lack of understanding and execution of the framework6. Patients who become colonized with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) have a markedly increased risk of infection, regardless of whether the infections occur in medical institutions or the community. This higher risk can then result in insufficient treatment or even therapy failure, which can raise death rates in the end. Furthermore, resistance rates are made worse, and healthcare systems are severely constrained by the larger socioeconomic issues that are common in areas with limited resources7. The livelihoods and general well-being of the impacted communities are adversely affected by these problems, which have a knock-on effect. To lessen the severe effects of antibiotic resistance in these susceptible environments, it is essential to address these interconnected challenges in their entirety. Furthermore, the impact of health emergencies like COVID-19 has brought to light the fragility of healthcare systems in LMICs8. These crises, whether they are past, present, or perhaps future occurrences, could put additional demand on frontline healthcare professionals' abilities, making the difficulties they already confront managing antibiotic resistance even more severe. The combination of ongoing antibiotic resistance and health concerns creates a complex challenge. Healthcare workers must strike a balance between several opposing needs, such as continuing to use antibiotics appropriately while ensuring accurate diagnosis and concurrent infection management. Strategies to tackle antibiotic resistance In LMICs, combating antibiotic resistance necessitates a comprehensive and multidimensional strategy. First and foremost, there should be a focus on expanding healthcare access and encouraging good hygiene habits to stave off diseases. Healthcare systems must be strengthened, which includes making infrastructural investments, hiring qualified medical staff, and guaranteeing that necessary medications are available. To solve the problems caused by antibiotic resistance, cooperation between governmental bodies, non-governmental groups, and international organizations is crucial. Governments and other relevant organizations should make investments to fortify healthcare systems by enhancing the facilities, hiring more medical personnel, and guaranteeing the supply of necessary medications. Campaigns for public awareness can be extremely important in educating communities about the proper use of antibiotics and the negative effects of improper use. ChatGPT can also be extremely helpful in tackling antibiotic resistance in LMICs by giving patients, healthcare providers, and the general public easily accessible and customized information. The applicability, dependability, and influence of ChatGPT in the field of travel medicine were documented by Choudhary and Priyanka9 in their article. When it comes to advice on proper prescriptions for antibiotics, dosing schedules, and the significance of finishing antibiotic courses, ChatGPT can be a dependable and accessible resource. Antibiotic sales should be regulated, with prescription drugs the only way to obtain them in order to prevent over-the-counter availability. Moreover, Priyanka et al. reported that nano vaccines have proven their ability to boost theimmune system to combat diseases and halt the spread of diseases10. With nano vaccines, the growing threat of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, and other infections caused by bacteria can be controlled11. As research in this sector advances, nano vaccines have the potential to transform our approach to infectious diseases and address the worrying development in antibiotic resistance. Although attenuated or inactivated microorganisms or viruses were previously used to create vaccinations, a revolutionary method of developing vaccines has recently been found that relies on a molecule known as messenger RNA (mRNA) rather than live bacteria or viruses10. mRNA vaccinations can activate the body's immune system to mount a focused defense against infections, in contrast to antibiotics, which can lead to the emergence of resistance while only targeting particular bacteria. The need of the hour is to create and modify efficient mRNA-based vaccine candidates against major infectious diseases, as the global scientific community is keeping an eye on the vaccines' stability, delivery, and associated adverse effects10. Encouraging research and development of novel antibiotics, diagnostics, and vaccines is necessary to guarantee an ongoing supply of potent instruments for fighting diseases. Moreover, international collaboration is essential to halting the cross-border spread of germs resistant to antibiotics. Combining these approaches will enable LMICs to reduce antibiotic resistance and ensure that these life-saving drugs remain effective for future generations. With nano vaccines, the growing threat of antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis, and other infections caused by bacteria can be controlled. Ethics approval This type of article doesn't need any ethical approval. Patient consent No patients were included. Sources of funding The authors have not received any funds. Author contribution All authors have equally contributed to the manuscript and have approved the publication of the final manuscript. Conflicts of interest disclosure The authors declare that they have no financial conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this report. Research registration unique identifying number (UIN) None. Clinical trial registration This is not a clinical trial. Guarantor Tooba Ali. Provenance and peer review Not commissioned, externally peer-reviewed. Data availability statement None. 

Healthcare challenges in LMICs: addressing antibiotic resistance threats, a call for comprehensive global solutions: an editorial

The prevalence of skin cancer has increased hastily in the recent decade for both kinds of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Skin cancers mostly encompass keratinocyte cancers: cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma. This review discusses the recent advancements in the treatment of skin cancer. In addition to chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and photodynamic therapy (PDT), there are several other therapies for skin cancer. Additionally, PDT use in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, and surgery is being actively investigated. This review will specifically address the pathophysiology of skin cancer, diagnostic approaches, and current therapies used in the topical treatment of skin cancers and introduce emerging treatment using nanotechnology that may be beneficial for these indications. 

pdf/recent-advancements-in-skin-cancer-treatment-a-critical-1tf7quc51b.pdf

Recent advancements in skin cancer treatment: a critical review

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates. 

Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106255

NeoCoV: A foresight of the next possible pandemic

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Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases.

NeoCoV: A foresight of the next possible pandemic