Population studies of the rheumatic diseases

Recent studies suggest that allicin may play a role in chronic kidney disease (CKD), reducing hypertension and oxidative stress and improving renal dysfunction. In the present study, CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy and the animals were divided into four treatment groups as follows: control (C), CKD, CKD+allicin (40 mg/kg pathway oral) (CKDA), and CKD+Losartan (20 mg/kg) (CKDL). After CKD induction, the rats developed hypertension from week 3 to the end of the study. This was associated with increased creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in serum, increased albuminuria, increased urinary excretion of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), increased nephrin expression, and incrased histological alterations in the cortex. The levels of angiotensin receptors and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were decreased in the renal cortex from the CKD group. Otherwise, lipid and protein oxidation were higher in the CKD group than in the control group. A disturbance was observed in the expression levels of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch ECH associating protein 1 system (Nrf2/keap1) and the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and heme oxygenase-1. Allicin or losartan treatments relieved renal dysfunction, hypertension, and oxidative stress. In addition, both treatments showed the same efficacy on the expression of angiotensin receptors, the nephrin, Nrf2/keap1 pathway, and eNOS. Further in silico analyses suggest that allicin and losartan could have a common mechanism involving interaction with AT1 receptors. Allicin showed antihypertensive, antioxidant, and nephroprotective effects. The beneficial effects showed by allicin are similar, or even better, than those of losartan. In fact, the effect of allicin on blood pressure and renal function is comparable to reductions seen with losartan, a prescription drug commonly used as a first-line therapy.

The Beneficial Effects of Allicin in Chronic Kidney Disease Are Comparable to Losartan.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of diseases in which the common denominator is the affection of blood vessels, heart tissue, and heart rhythm. The genesis of CVD is complex and multifactorial; therefore, approaches are often based on multidisciplinary management and more than one drug is used to achieve the optimal control of risk factors (dyslipidemia, hypertension, hypertrophy, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation). In this context, allicin, a sulfur compound naturally derived from garlic, has shown beneficial effects on several cardiovascular risk factors through the modulation of cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Effective pharmacological treatments for CVD or its risk factors have not been developed or are unknown in clinical practice. Thus, this work aimed to review the cellular mechanisms through which allicin exerts its therapeutic effects and to show why it could be a therapeutic option for the prevention or treatment of CVD and its risk factors.

/pdf/cellular-mechanisms-underlying-the-cardioprotective-role-of-2w7sgj89.pdf

Cellular Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioprotective Role of Allicin on Cardiovascular Diseases

Background: Researchers all over the world have independently shown the effect of allicin in reducing blood pressure depends on its extraction and concentration. Among the active constituents in garlic, the principal component is allicin. It is not present in the intact garlic clove but is produced together with pyruvate and ammonia from the odourless precursor alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide) in the presence of the enzyme alliinase; Allin and allinase are found in different compartments of the garlic clove and are brought into contact to produce allicin only by cutting or crushing the clove. If garlic is processed and extracted, using oil, the activity of the sulphur compounds is sealed which could not be readily used by the body. Study aim to use pure raw and active form of sulphur from garlic and observe the effect of associated allicin on hypertensive subjects . Methods: Extracted active sulphur chemicals and allicin from garlic by crushing fresh garlic cloves using water as extracting medium. Raw crushed 25 gm. garlic clove with water was given twice daily to 100 hypertensive subjects, 60 males and 40 females of 30-55 years of age for the period of six months. Health records of each subjects was individually maintained. Blood pressure was measured initially, after three months and finally after six months. Statistically comparison was made between initial, three months and six months blood pressure data of the subjects . Results: This simple extraction method produce allicin yield of 100%, which reduced up to 10% (5mmHg) systolic and diastolic Blood pressure in subjects who were supplemented with garlic–allicin paste . Conclusions: Extraction quality and activity of allicin is dependent of mode of processing and extraction medium. Garlic is a basic food that augments the body health and lowers blood pressure as well as blood cholesterol. Garlic is an ideal herb for several cardiovascular supplements. It would be of value to further examine these effects of allicin in humans with hypertension. Future research will enable in vivo measurement of allicin and its pharmacological properties; physiological effects and mechanisms of action should be investigated further.

/pdf/effect-of-long-term-supplementation-of-active-garlic-allicin-9ngjlg1erd.pdf

Effect of long term supplementation of active garlic allicin in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive subjects

Introduction: Inter-arm difference (IAD) in blood pressure is the difference in the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure between arms of an individual. Studies regarding IAD among elderly, pregnant women, patients with cardiovascular disease and diabetes have been conducted but there are very limited studies carried out among young healthy adults. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the inter-arm blood pressure difference and its association with age, sex, BMI and family history of hypertension among Nepalese healthy young adults. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 230 students of Kantipur Dental College, Kathmandu, Nepal. Blood pressure was measured using a mercurial sphygmomanometer. Statistical analysis was done using paired t test, chi-square and Pearson’s correlation test using SPSS 16. Results: The absolute mean IAD for SBP was 5.03±3.88 mm Hg and for DBP was 3.84±3.77 mm Hg. There is significant inter-arm difference for SBP (t=4.882, p<0.001) but not for DBP. Inter-arm SBP difference was significantly associated with family history of hypertension (χ2 = 6.41, p=0.01) and positive but weakly correlated with age (r = +0.135, p=0.04). There is no significant association of inter-arm SBP difference with sex and BMI. Meanwhile, there is no statistically significant association of sex, family history of hypertension, age and BMI with inter-arm DBP. Conclusions: There is a significant inter-arm systolic blood pressure difference among the healthy young Nepalese adults and it is associated with the positive family history of hypertension and age.

/pdf/inter-arm-blood-pressure-difference-in-healthy-young-adults-50rya7s5fj.pdf

Inter-arm blood pressure difference in healthy young adults: a cross-sectional study

Background and Aim: Most recommendations on blood pressure (BP) measurement and hypertension have stated that BP should be measured in both arms and that the hand with the highest value should be used for subsequent measurements. It has been suggested that differences in the right and left arm pressures may be caused by undiagnosed peripheral vascular disease affecting the vasculature of upper limbs and may, therefore, predict an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Methods: Simultaneous bilateral brachial BP measurements were taken after 10 min resting period in supine position; three BP measurements were taken simultaneously and automatically using a validated automatic oscillometric device (Microlife WatchBP office) at 1 min interval. Results: There were 22, 19, and 9 participants with interarm systolic BP difference of <5 mmHg, 5–9 mmHg, and ≥10 mmHg, respectively. Out of the total 50 participants, 29 (58%) had a positive family history of HTN/diabetes mellitus (DM). There was a positive association (P < 0.05) between interarm systolic BP difference ≥10 mmHg and positive family history of HT/DM. A statistically nonsignificant correlation was observed between basal metabolic index (r = 0.04), pulse pressure (r = −0.07), and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.23) with interarm systolic BP difference of both arms. Conclusion: The presence of interarm BP difference ≥10 mmHg and positive family history of hypertension and diabetes has a prognostic value in predicting cardiovascular events. Hence, in primary care setting, BP should be measured routinely in both arms using automated oscillometric device.

Interarm Blood Pressure Difference, Pulse Pressure, and Mean Arterial Pressure as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Young Adults

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disorder associated with significant proportion of haematological abnormalities. The present study was undertaken for assessing the haematological abnormalities among rheumatoid arthritis patients. Materials & Methods: A total of 121 RA patients were enrolled. Morning blood samples were obtained from all the patients and complete haematological profile was assessed. All the results were analysed by SPSS software. Results: Anaemia was found to be present in 42.94 percent of the patients. Thrombocytosis was found to be present in 18.99 percent of the patients while leucocytosis was found to be present in 8.26 percent of the patients.Conclusion: Haematological abnormalities are commonly seen in RA patients.

Frequency of occurrence of haematological abnormalities among rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objective: Researchers all over the world have independently shown the effect of allicin in reducing blood pressure depends on its extraction and concentration. Study aim to use pure raw and active form of sulphur from garlic and observe the effect of associated allicin on hypertensive subjects. Design and method: Extracted active sulphur chemicals and allicin from garlic by crushing fresh garlic cloves using water as extracting medium. Raw crushed 25 gm. garlic clove with water was given twice daily to 100 hypertensive subjects, 60 males and 40 females of 30–55 years of age for the period of six months. Health records of each subjects was individually maintained. Blood pressure was measured initially, after three months and finally after six months. Statistically comparison was made between initial, three months and six months blood pressure data of the subjects. Results: This simple extraction method produce allicin yield of 100%, which reduced up to 10% (5mmHg) systolic and diastolic Blood pressure in subjects who were supplemented with garlic–allicin paste. Conclusions: Extraction quality and activity of allicin is dependent of mode of processing and extraction medium. Garlic is a basic food that augments the body health and lowers blood pressure as well as blood cholesterol. Garlic is an ideal herb for several cardiovascular supplements. It would be of value to further examine these effects of allicin in humans with hypertension. Future research will enable in vivo measurement of allicin and its pharmacological properties; physiological effects and mechanisms of action should be investigated further.

Ps 16-16 effect of long term supplementation of active garlic allicin in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive subjects

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Effect of long term supplementation of active garlic allicin in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive subjects

Interarm Blood Pressure Difference, Pulse Pressure, and Mean Arterial Pressure as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Young Adults

Frequency of occurrence of haematological abnormalities among rheumatoid arthritis patients

Ps 16-16 effect of long term supplementation of active garlic allicin in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive subjects