Preface. Foreword. Part 1: LCA in Perspective. 1. Why a new Guide to LCA? 2. Main characteristics of LCA. 3. International developments. 4. Guiding principles for the present Guide. 5. Reading guide. Part 2a: Guide. Reading guidance. 1. Management of LCA projects: procedures. 2. Goal and scope definition. 3. Inventory analysis. 4. Impact assessment. 5. Interpretation. Appendix A: Terms, definitions and abbreviations. Part 2b: Operational annex. List of tables. Reading guidance. 1. Management of LCA projects: procedures. 2. Goal and scope definition. 3. Inventory analysis. 4. Impact assessment. 5. Interpretation. 6. References. Part 3: Scientific background. Reading guidance. 1. General introduction. 2. Goal and scope definition. 3. Inventory analysis. 4. Impact assessment. 5. Interpretation. 6. References. Annex A: Contributors. Appendix B: Areas of application of LCA. Appendix C: Partitioning economic inputs and outputs to product systems.

Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards

Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment

Fifteen years of ISO 14040: a review

Environmental impact assessment taxonomy providing comprehensive coverage of midpoints, endpoints, damages, and areas of protection

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) developments are explained along with key publications which record discussions which comprised ISO 14042 and SETAC document development, UNEP SETAC Life Cycle Initiative research, and research from public and private research institutions. It is recognized that the short list of impact categories has remained fairly constant, even after extensive discussions. The termination point of impact assessment modeling (e.g., inventory, midpoint, endpoint, damage, single score) has been discussed extensively, and the advantages and disadvantages of these different levels are well published. Early LCIAs were conducted independent of system location, but now site-specificity has been a research topic for many of the local and regional categories (e.g., acidification, eutrophication, and smog formation). In reality, even though many advances have been made in site-specific analysis, the life cycle assessment (LCA) case studies are often limited to their inventory data, and as a result, most LCAs are still site-generic even though the LCIA methodologies exist to allow for site-specific analysis. Pollutant-based impacts have received the most research effort and support in the past, but resource depletion categories (e.g., land use and water use) are now recognized as being highly complex, site-specific, data intensive, and important for contributing toward the sustainability of the planet. Efforts in these categories are still in the neophyte stages and are expected to have the greatest advances in the upcoming years.

Life cycle impact assessment research developments and needs

The ISO 14040 family

Okobilanzen sind ein recht neues Instrument, das zudem erst teilweise entwickelt ist. Ausgelost durch die Erdolkrise standen zunachst Aspekte der Energiebilanz im Vordergrund, spater kamen weitere Kriterien, wie Ressourcenverbrauch, Emissionen und Abfalle, hinzu. Die Analysen beschrankten sich im wesentlichen zunachst auf die Untersuchungen von Verpackungssystemen, mittlerweile gibt es ein breites Spektrum von Beispielen aus den unterschiedlichsten Anwendungsbereichen.

Ökobilanzen und Ökovergleiche

A rapidly growing list of hydrocarbons has been reported to induce morphological changes in the kidney of adult male rats, beginning with hyaline droplet accumulation (HDA) followed by the development of granular casts, later on chronic nephrosis as sequela, and finally renal adenomas and carcinomas. The present study focuses on identifying structure-based properties common to HDA-inducing aliphatics and cycloaliphatics. On the basis of rank-ordered activities reported in the literature, a calculated n-octanol-water partition coefficient above 3.5 and the presence of an isopentyl structural moiety appear to be associated with HDA-inducing activity in aliphatics. A binding site model for highly active aliphatics has been derived by superimposing their minimum energy conformations along the common isopentyl substructure and calculating the union volume of their respective van der Waal (VDW) volumes. Generalization of this model to include cycloaliphatics has been achieved by maximizing the steric overlap of the VDW volumes of the compounds with their binding site union volume. HDA-inducing cycloaliphatics are correctly identified on the basis of their negligible excess volume. This approach has been used to predict the HDA-inducing activity of previously untested compounds. Eighteen aliphatic/cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons were screened in a study on adult male Wistar rats treated with 250 mg/kg per day for 5 days. Azan-stained kidney sections were semiquantitatively evaluated for the presence of HDA. The predicted and observed HDA activities were in very good agreement.

Relationships between structure and induction of hyaline droplet accumulation in the renal cortex of male rats by aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.

Life Cycle Impact Assessment describes indicators and does not predict actual impacts. The value of an LCA is its comprehensive review of all stages of a product’s life cycle and its synoptic view of all relevant environmental issues. The current version of the 14042 draft describes the uniqueness of Life Cycle Impact Assessment approach which is distinct from other assessment techniques. The wording was designed to help users of the standard understand how and why LCIA is distinct from other assessment methods. In closing, we would like to highlight our opinion that the present document on the level of a DIS is sound, stable and practical within the ISO 14040 series of standards. We do not agree withHertwich & Pease that the present document prevents the use of LCIA. It makes a choice regarding the exclusion of weighting across categories in order to prevent misuse in deriving inappropriate claims. And for characterisation it has achieved a well founded synthesis. In addition, we strongly believe that this standard will stimulate the international scientific discussion of LCA and will substantially contribute to enhanced and more valuable applications of LCA in the future.

In reply to hertwich & pease, Int. J. LCA 3 (4) 180 — 181, “ISO 14042 restricts use and development of impact assessment”

Editorial: ISO 14040 - The first project

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