Recently, nanobiotechnology has attracted a lot of attention, as it is a rapidly emerging field that is still growing and developing efficient and advanced therapeutic protocols under the umbrella of nanomedicine. It can revolutionize solutions to biomedical problems by developing effective treatment protocols and therapeutics. However, focus and research are still required to make these therapeutics more effective and safer to use. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from Madhuca indica extract using green synthesis protocols. The nanoparticles were further characterized based on their absorption spectrum, size, structural morphology, and other related parameters. Biological assays were also performed to evaluate biological applications for the synthesized nanoparticles. In silico analysis was performed to assess the druglike properties of synthesized nanoparticles. The results proved an optimized synthesis of the iron oxide nanoparticles with the size of 56 nm confirmed by SEM. The FTIR analysis predicted the presence of nitro and carbonyl groups in the synthesized nanoparticles. The 81% DPPH inhibition confirmed the antioxidant activity, and the 96.20% inhibition of egg albumin protein confirmed the anti-inflamatory activity. Additionally, the 73.26% inhibition of α-amylase, which was more than that of the control used, confirmed the antidiabetic activity. The ADMET analysis confirmed the synthesized nanoparticles as potential therapeutic candidates as well. However, further evaluation for safety concerns is still required to use these FeONPs as potential therapeutic agents. This study can be proved as a significant contribution to the scientific community and a gateway to the future scientists who are willing to work on nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology. ADMET analysis confirmed the synthesized nanoparticles as potential therapeutic candidates as well. However, further evaluation for safety concerns is still required to use these FeONPs and potential therapeutic agents.

Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles from Madhuca indica Plant Extract and Assessment of Their Cytotoxic, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Diabetic Properties via Different Nanoinformatics Approaches

Weeds are one of the most problematic factors for chickpea cultivation due to their negative effects on yield reduction in Iran. In the present investigation, new PRE-herbicide (flumioxazin) with different rates as IBS (incorporated before sowing), PRE, and Early-post with previously used herbicides were compared for controlling weeds and subsequently increasing in grain yield of chickpea. Results showed that PRE flumioxazin at rates 50, 75, and 100 g ai ha-1, oxyflourfen and flumioxazin + pyridate reduced total dry weed biomass 79 to 83.2%. These reductions (total dry weed biomass) were 59 to 73% by application of PRE flumioxazin at 50, 75 and 100 g ai ha-1, oxyfluorfen, flumioxazin + pyridate and pyridate in Kurdistan and 70 to 74.5% in Hamedan by application of IBS and PRE flumioxazin at 50, 75 and 100 g ai ha-1, oxyfluorfen, flumioxazin + pyridate. The grain yield of chickpea was greatest [Kermanshah (1489.5 kg ha-1), Hamedan (312 kg ha-1), and Kurdistan (2015 kg ha-1)] in PRE flumioxazin at 50 g ai ha-1 application after hand weeding. According to the results, PRE flumioxazin at 50 g ai ha-1 is the most suitable treatment to control broadleaf weeds and increase yield in autumn-sown chickpea. 

Influence of herbicides-based weed management in chickpea

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season 2021 at the experimental field of the Crop Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India which is located at 250 30’ 42’’N latitude, 810 60’ 56” E longitude, and a height of 98 metres above sea level. The soil of the experimental field in Sandy loam in texture, nearly neutral in soil reaction (PH 7.1), low in organic carbon (0.36%) available N (171.48 kg/ha), available P (27.0 kg/ha) and K (291.2 kg/ha). The Experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with Nine treatments replicated thrice based on one year of experimentation. To determine the “Effect of Nitrogen and Iron on Yield attributes and economics of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)”. The treatments consisted of three levels of Nitrogen – 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha and three levels of Iron – 2.5,5, 7.5 kg/ha. The results revealed that treatment with application of Nitrogen at 25 kg/ha + Iron at 7.5 kg/ha recorded significantly highest number of pods per plant (61.2), seeds per pod (3.5), seed index (26.00 g), seed yield (1919.1 kg/ha) and Haulm yield (3186.6 kg/ha), Maximum Gross return (INR 1, 01, 712.30/ha), Net return (INR 69,305.56/ha) and Benefit cost ratio (2.13). 

Impact of nitrogen and iron on yield attributes and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

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Impact of nitrogen and iron on yield attributes and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)