Mechanistic understanding and holistic approach of phytoremediation: A review on application and future prospects

Bio-remediation approaches for alleviation of cadmium contamination in natural resources

Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by using Solanum nigrum: a review.

Fungal endophytes have been characterized as producers of phytohormones and potent promoters of plant growth. In this study, two fungal endophytes, Fusarium tricinctum RSF-4L and Alternaria alternata RSF-6L, were isolated from the leaves of Solanum nigrum. Culture filtrates (CFs) from each isolate were initially screened for indole compounds, and assayed for their ability to promote the growth of Dongjin rice plants. Nearly all plant growth attributes examined (i.e., chlorophyll content, root-shoot length, and biomass production) were significantly enhanced upon treatment with fungal CFs. Subsequently, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses were utilized to confirm the presence of phytohormones in the CF of each fungal endophytic isolate. These analyses revealed that RSF-4L and RSF-6L produced 54 and 30 µg/mL indole acetic acid, respectively, within their respective cultures. These findings suggest that the endophytes isolated in this study synthesize bioactive compounds that could play important roles in promoting plant growth.

Plant growth-promoting potential of endophytic fungi isolated from Solanum nigrum leaves.

Host plant growth promotion and cadmium detoxification in Solanum nigrum, mediated by endophytic fungi.

Plants of the black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) Korean ecotype were exposed to a gradient of cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 10, 30, 50, and 80 mg kg−1 of dry sand). The results showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in biomass, root-shoot length, and chlorophyll contents in the plants exposed to Cd compared to the control. Cd concentrations significantly increased in different parts of the plants as indicated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis. The amount of Cd accumulated by the plants in the leaves, stems, and roots was 307, 1536, and 3163 mg kg−1 of dry matter, respectively, when treated with Cd 80 mg kg−1. The translocation factor (TF) declined with higher Cd concentrations, whereas the bioconcentration factor (BCF) increased with elevated Cd levels. The response to oxidative stress induced by Cd was modulated by the enzymatic activity of peroxidase and polyphenol peroxidase. In terms of non-enzymatic antioxidant biochemicals such as reduced glutathione and polyphenols, its contents in the leaves significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. The overall increased antioxidant defense response in leaves might have contributed to the higher accumulation and tolerance of plants against Cd-induced oxidative stress. The Korean ecotype of S. nigrum has potential phytoremediation utility for phytostabilization of Cd-contaminated marginal land. However, further genomic insights could contribute to the identification of potential Cd translocation genes.

Phytostabilization and Physicochemical Responses of Korean Ecotype Solanum nigrum L. to Cadmium Contamination

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Phytostabilization and Physicochemical Responses of Korean Ecotype Solanum nigrum L. to Cadmium Contamination