Electrification of public utility vehicles plays a vital role in the transition towards a more sustainable transport system. However, the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) encounters varying challenges ranging from financing issues, government policies, and public acceptance. Using the Philippines as a case, this research applies political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) analysis to determine how different drivers affect the adoption of EVs in the public transport system from various transport stakeholders’ vantage points. Survey results identified economic and technological factors as the main barriers to the adoption of electric public transport. This includes high investment and operational costs, lack of charging infrastructure, issues in driving range and use in different terrains, and the availability of EV parts and repair stations. On the other hand, the main enabler is the significant public support for the modernization of the public transport system through EVs, backed up by policy and legal drivers. For a zero-emission public transport system, this study recommends that the government should invest in sustainable sources of energy, develop more public infrastructure, diversify the transport sector, fund the development of locally made EVs, and initiate a massive information campaign in educating the public of its advantages.

https://www.mdpi.com/2032-6653/12/1/46/pdf

Barriers and Drivers of Transition to Sustainable Public Transport in the Philippines

Different types of renewable resources are need of the hour as fossil fuels are on The verge of extinction but electricity demand is increasing exponentially. In reality renewable energy is available in such a huge amount that it can provide 3078 times the present global energy need. Wind energy is one of these sources and having potential to generate 200 times energy than require globally. It is the oldest source of energy on the earth and from 1887 only it started to use for electricity generation. The efficiency of wind turbine, gear and generator decides the overall efficiency among this wind turbine is having scope of improvement. The wind turbine will generate maximum power if wind variation is less but it is not in someone's hand. Thus an MPPT technique comes into picture and maximizes power output. Various MPPT techniques are present till date, but in this paper we proposed perturb and observe, Incremental Conductance and Fuzzy logic control algorithms along with mechanical MPPT i.e. pitch control. These MPPT algorithms track the maximum power for varying wind conditions. Pitch control comes handy when speed increases more than rated speed, it will change pitch angle in such a way that it will rotate and constant speed to generate maximum power.

A Review on Various MPPT Techniques for Wind Energy Conversion System

In India, three-wheeled electric vehicles are one of the important modes of public transport in congested areas. The gradient is an important factor that affects the dynamic performance of the vehicle. The proposed work presents an extensive analysis of the gradient effects on the dynamic performance of a three-wheeled solar electric vehicle. Firstly, we have designed the physical vehicle model of three-wheeled using Simscape® environment tool. The generated torque from “ideal torque source” block is transferred to the input drive shaft of the “differential” mechanism. The output drive shafts of “sun gears” or “differential” block are connected to the rear left as well as to the right wheels respectively. The “ideal translational motion sensor” subsystem block measures the speed and distance of the vehicle. Next, to examine the gradient effects and accuracy of the Simscape model, we have designed the longitudinal vehicle model of a three-wheeled electric vehicle. Undertaken a comparative analysis of the Simscape® models’ results from the longitudinal vehicle model for three different road gradient condition having a slope of zero degrees (0°), six degrees (6°) and twelve degrees (12°) respectively.

/pdf/modelling-and-analysis-of-gradient-effect-on-the-dynamic-55gz7kkjox.pdf

Modelling and analysis of gradient effect on the dynamic performance of three-wheeled vehicle system using Simscape

Photovoltaic (PV) technology has been gaining an increasing amount of attention as a renewable energy source. Irradiation and temperature are the two main factors which impact on PV system performance. When partial shading from the surroundings occurs, its incident shadow diminishes the irradiation and reduces the generated power. Moreover, shading affects the pattern of the power–voltage (P–V) characteristic curve to contain more than one power peak, causing difficulties when developing maximum power point tracking. Consequently, shading leads to a hotspot in which spreading the hotspot widely on the PV panel’s surface increases the heat and causes damage to the panel. Since it is not possible to access the circuit inside the PV cells, indirect measurement and fault detection methods are needed to perform them. This paper proposes the global maximum power point tracking method, including the shading detection and tracking algorithm, using the trend of slopes from each section of the curve. The effectiveness was confirmed from the dynamic short-term testing and real weather data. The hotspot-detecting algorithm is also proposed from the analysis of different PV arrays’ configuration, which is approved by the simulation’s result. Each algorithm is presented using the full mathematical equations and flowcharts. Results from the simulation show the accurate tracking result along with the fast-tracking response. The simulation also confirms the success of the proposed hotspot-detection algorithm, confirmed by the graphical and numerical results.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/5/882/pdf

Global Maximum Power Point Tracking under Shading Condition and Hotspot Detection Algorithms for Photovoltaic Systems

Photovoltaic (PV) plants are becoming an ever more popular source of energy. While individual PV panels are quite resilient, failures do happen. Due to the arrangement of interconnections between multiple PV panels in an array and the maximum power point tracking mechanism, the failure of a single panel can influence the output of the whole ensemble. This paper estimates the impact of a single panel short-circuit failure on the output of a series–parallel array. Generally, the array power loss is larger than the contribution of the failed panel. The dependence of this increase on various factors such as the number of panels/strings, the shape of the current–voltage ( I–V ) curve of the panels, and the degree of panel inhomogeneities is investigated. This increase is found to depend most significantly on the shape of the I–V curve of the panel, and only weakly on a range of other parameters. It is, therefore, useful in estimating the impact of panel failures without the need to know many details about the system.

Estimating Effects of Individual PV Panel Failures on PV Array Output

The auto rickshaw is one of the important transport medium for end to end connectivity in many Asian cities. In order to reduce the pollution, the auto rickshaw with compressed natural gas (CNG) compatible kit is also available. It is a cheap transport solution in comparison to other mode of transport due to continuous increase in oil price and higher per Km travelling cost. The battery operated electric rickshaw is an alternative option to replace the auto rickshaw as it is environment friendly and the overall system cost is much less than conventional auto rickshaw. The electric rickshaw battery is charged by grid electricity, which is costlier and there is inconvenience associated with the charging and replacing of battery. In this paper, a solar assisted hybrid electric rickshaw is proposed. The proposed model is a modified form of conventional electric rickshaw. The proper analysis to show the acceptability of the model is also presented. The survey of e-rickshaw in New Delhi is used as a base case for the proper analysis. The Matlab ADVISOR (Advanced Vehicle Simulator) and HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables) software are used for the performance analysis. Further, a concept of smart solar charging station for the metropolitan city is also discussed.

Design and analysis of solar electric rickshaw: A green transport model

The photovoltaic system is one of the renewable energy device, which directly converts solar radiation into electricity. The I-V characteristics of PV system are nonlinear in nature and under variable Irradiance and temperature, PV system has a single operating point where the power output is maximum, known as Maximum Power Point (MPP) and the point varies on changes in atmospheric conditions and electrical load. Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is used to track MPP of solar PV system for maximum efficiency operation. The various MPPT techniques together with implementation are reported in literature. In order to choose the best technique based upon the requirements, comprehensive and comparative study should be available. The aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of various MPPT techniques for uniform insolation and partial shading conditions. Furthermore, the comparison of practically accepted and widely used techniques has been made based on features, such as control strategy, type of circuitry, number of control variables and cost. This review work provides a quick analysis and design help for PV systems. Article History : Received March 14, 2016; Received in revised form June 26 th 2016; Accepted July 1 st 2016; Available online How to Cite This Article : Sameeullah, M. and Swarup, A. (2016). MPPT Schemes for PV System under Normal and Partial Shading Condition: A Review. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development , 5(2), 79-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.5.2.79-94

/pdf/mppt-schemes-for-pv-system-under-normal-and-partial-shading-4p5dpmh8d4.pdf

MPPT Schemes for PV System under Normal and Partial Shading Condition: A Review

This paper proposes the mathematical modeling of Photovoltaic (PV) module using single diode model and use it to study the performance of PV array under partial shading condition. Partial shading is one of the major causes of reducing energy output in solar PV array. Due to partial shading, PV characteristics get more complex. In order to extract maximum power under shading condition, its performance has to be studies. In this paper, Matlab based mathematical model is used to study the performance of Perturbation & Observation (PO) based Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) controller under partial shading condition. Further, ecosense Insight Solar PV Training kit is used to justify the mathematical model.

Modeling of PV module to study the performance of MPPT controller under partial shading condition

Wind energy is gaining increasing importance throughout the world With the advancement of variable speed drive design and control of wind energy systems, the efficiency and the energy capture capacity of the energy conversion system is also improved For renewable energy system, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) plays a vital role for efficient conversion of energy The MPPT strategy is used to control the rotor speed by adjusting electromagnetic torque and maximize the electrical output power of the generator In this paper, three different control schemes are discussed and implemented in Matlab Simulink environment Simulink result is used to compare the performance of 57KW wind turbine under different control schemes

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/7109473/7115730/07115798.pdf

Maximum Power Point Tracking scheme for variable speed wind generator

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Papers

Design and analysis of solar electric rickshaw: A green transport model

MPPT Schemes for PV System under Normal and Partial Shading Condition: A Review

Modeling of PV module to study the performance of MPPT controller under partial shading condition

Maximum Power Point Tracking scheme for variable speed wind generator