Children who have experienced sexual or physical abuse during childhood are at increased risk of suicidal behavior in adulthood, independent of other factors such as depression. Recent neurobiological studies target the mechanisms that link childhood abuse and suicidal behavior in adulthood. How does early-life adversity influence behavioral reactions to stressors much later in life to such an extent that people take their own lives? It is now becoming clear that early-life adversity increases the risk of suicide by influencing the development of stable emotional, behavioral and cognitive characteristics that confer a specific vulnerability. There is now considerable evidence that changes in the expression of particular genes constitute the molecular basis of this vulnerability. This chapter will review recent findings from genetic studies of suicidal behavior, with a particular focus on epigenetic regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and other systems involved in responses to stress and on transcriptional changes in association with early-life adversity. It appears that such changes may become manifest as cognitive impairments that are commonly found in association with suicidal behavior, and that may be due to structural and functional alterations in the brain.

In my end is my beginning

This chapter provides an introduction to the book by providing a basic understanding of suicidal behavior. It first provides the reader a general knowledge of the epidemiological, clinical, and behavioral presentations of suicidal behaviors. In many situations, acts of nonfatal suicidal behavior will precede lethal suicidal behavior, and a suicidal process with clear implications for prevention is commonly found. The multiple causes of suicidal behaviors will be discussed, and it will become clear that each suicide results from a complex convergence of many possible sociocultural and neurobiological (e.g. genetic) factors. In spite of the unique characteristics of each suicide in terms of personal features and social circumstances, many such suicides can be understood as the consequence of an interaction between stressors and a specific vulnerability to suicidal behavior. Stressors may include problems in relational, professional, or financial areas, or consequences of psychiatric disorders such as depression that may precipitate suicidal behavior in vulnerable individuals. It is particularly with regard to this vulnerability that neuroscience studies have contributed substantially to our insights, and thus provide opportunities for prevention and treatment.

What Is Suicidal Behavior, and Can It Be Prevented?

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My end is my beginning

Limitations in our capacity to predict the occurrence of suicidal behavior constitute a major problem in the prevention of suicide. Due to their extremely limited predictive value, ratings scales and clinical measures are not available for practical use. This is an area in which neuroscience can be expected to contribute substantially via the identification of biomarkers using genetic and brain imaging techniques. Recent studies using genetic approaches suggest the existence of specific biomarkers that can be detected in the blood. In addition, findings from neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies indicate functional impairments with increasing specificity in association with suicidal behavior. Biomarkers can be expected to contribute substantially to the devlopment of accurate prediction in the context of personalized medicine.

Predicting the Unpredictable

.......................................................................................................................................... ii Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iii Table of

Experiences, cognitions, and affects : investigating non-suicidal self-injury through the modal model of emotion

Cognitive traits in inpatient adolescents with and without prior suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury

Objective: Adolescents with mental disorders are at increased risk for being overweight or obese, and subsequently developing metabolic syndrome. However, data regarding risk factors for weight gain during psychiatric hospitalization of adolescents are limited and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the sociodemographic, clinical, and pharmacological risk factors for weight gain during psychiatric treatment, in order to improve prevention of subsequent metabolic syndrome. Methods: We conducted a historical prospective study of 146 adolescent patients (mean age 15.2±1.9 years, 52.7% males), consecutively admitted for day treatment in an adolescent day unit (length of stay 141±76 days). Anthropometric measurements and laboratory analyses of fasting glucose and lipid levels were conducted as part of the routine medical care at admission and discharge. Psychiatric diagnoses, medication histories, and sociodemographic data were obtained from the electronic medical records system. Re...

Risk factors for weight gain and metabolic syndrome in adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a historical prospective study.

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Cognitive traits in inpatient adolescents with and without prior suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury

Risk factors for weight gain and metabolic syndrome in adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a historical prospective study.