To solve the problem of the global energy shortage and the pollution of the environment, in recent years, semiconductor photocatalytic technology that converts solar energy into chemical fuel has been widely studied. Regarding semiconductor-based photocatalysts, CdS has attracted extensive attention due to its relatively narrow bandgap for visible-light response and sufficiently negative potential of the conduction band edge for the reduction of protons. Studies have shown that CdS-based photocatalysts possess excellent photocatalytic performance in terms of solar-fuel generation and environmental purification. This critical review presents the recent advances and progress in the design and synthesis of various CdS and CdS-based photocatalysts. The basic physical and chemical properties of CdS and the related growth mechanism have been briefly summarized. Moreover, the applications of CdS-based photocatalysts have been discussed such as in photocatalytic hydrogen production, reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbon fuels and degradation of pollutants. Finally, a brief perspective on the challenges and future directions for the development of CdS and CdS-based photocatalysts are also presented.

CdS-Based photocatalysts

Review on the improvement of the photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of ZnO

Optimizing the heterojunction structure of semiconductor photocatalysts is significant for taking full advantage of their abilities for organic molecules degradation. Here, we demonstrate a feasible strategy of polymerizing the quantum-thick graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) on to the surface of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanosheets with exposed {001} facets to form the TiO2@g-C3N4 (TCN) core-shell quantum heterojunction for improving photocatalytic tetracycline degradation activity. 100 mg of TCN photocatalyst shows the highest tetracycline degradation rate of 2.2 mg/min, which is 36% higher than that of the TiO2/g-C3N4 random mixture (TCN(mix)), 2 times higher than that of TiO2, and 2.3 times higher than that of bulk g-C3N4. Results also indicate that h+ and ·O2− are the main oxidant species for the efficient photocatalytic reaction. The decisive factors in improving the photocatalytic activity of TCN is the unique structural advantages of quantum-thick g-C3N4 shell, compact and uniform contact interface, richly available reaction sites, more surface adsorbed hydroxyl (OH) groups. Efficient electron transfer between TiO2 and g-C3N4 is also demonstrated by the significant enhancement of photocurrent response of TCN electrodes and decrement of fluorescence emission spectra. This work demonstrates new sights for synthesizing high-efficient and environment-stable photocatalysts by engineering the surface heterojunction.

Compact and uniform TiO2@g-C3N4 core-shell quantum heterojunction for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline antibiotics

Graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites used for antibiotics removal in water treatment: A review.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a multifunctional material due to its exceptional physicochemical properties and broad usefulness. The special properties resulting from the reduction of the material size from the macro scale to the nano scale has made the application of ZnO nanomaterials (ZnO NMs) more popular in numerous consumer products. In recent years, particular attention has been drawn to the development of various methods of ZnO NMs synthesis, which above all meet the requirements of the green chemistry approach. The application of the microwave heating technology when obtaining ZnO NMs enables the development of new methods of syntheses, which are characterised by, among others, the possibility to control the properties, repeatability, reproducibility, short synthesis duration, low price, purity, and fulfilment of the eco-friendly approach criterion. The dynamic development of materials engineering is the reason why it is necessary to obtain ZnO NMs with strictly defined properties. The present review aims to discuss the state of the art regarding the microwave synthesis of undoped and doped ZnO NMs. The first part of the review presents the properties of ZnO and new applications of ZnO NMs. Subsequently, the properties of microwave heating are discussed and compared with conventional heating and areas of application are presented. The final part of the paper presents reactants, parameters of processes, and the morphology of products, with a division of the microwave synthesis of ZnO NMs into three primary groups, namely hydrothermal, solvothermal, and hybrid methods.

A Review of Microwave Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials: Reactants, Process Parameters and Morphologies

Microwave-assisted polyol synthesis and characterization of pvp-capped cds nanoparticles for the photocatalytic degradation of tartrazine

Simultaneous removal of cationic methylene blue and anionic reactive red 198 dyes using magnetic activated carbon nanoparticles: equilibrium, and kinetics analysis.

Functionalized Nanomaterial for Environmental Techniques

In this study, ZnO/TiO2 was synthesized using the sol-gel method. The effect of calcination temperature was investigated on the morphology, crystal size, and influence on the photoreduction of selenite from the aqueous phase. The ZnO/TiO2 was calcined at 150 C, 350 C, and 500 C for 2 hours. The samples were characterized using SEM/EDX, XRD, and FT-IR for morphology/elemental composition, crystal structure/size, and functional group. The crystallite sizes were found to be 21.61 nm, 22.22 nm, and 24.80 nm for the temperatures, respectively. The composite morphology was found to be agglomerated granular particles that increase in agglomeration as the temperature increases. EDS results give the composition of Ti, Zn, and O2 in all samples, indicating the presence of ZnO and TiO2. XRD spectra were used to confirm the hexagonal and tetrahedral phase structure of the ZnO and TiO2. Photocatalysis experiment was conducted at pH 4 and 1 mg/L ZnO/TiO2 with 20 ppm initial concentration for 22 hrs under UV- irradiation. The catalyst calcined at 150 C showed 100% photoreduction of selenite to total selenium, while samples calcined at 350 C and 500 C showed 79% and 17%, respectively.

/pdf/effect-of-calcination-temperature-on-the-morphology-2faulxcs.pdf

Effect of Calcination Temperature on the Morphology, Crystallinity, and Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO/TiO2 in Selenite Photoreduction from Aqueous Phase

Water quality and occurrence of water-borne diseases in the Gaza strip are vivid examples for most developing societies. In recent years, the quality and quantity of groundwater, the only source of waters in the Gaza strip, have deteriorated markedly. A general rundown of the infrastructure and water distribution networks, in particular, the spread of cesspools, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, and improper treatment and disposal of wastewater remain major contributing factors to the continued deterioration in the water status in the Gaza strip. Without a doubt, the (Israeli)-Palestinian conflict had a clear negative impact on the water sector in the Gaza strip. Apparently, there is a dire need to adopt the WHO’s water safety plan in the management of Gaza’s water supply systems from catchment to consumer’s tap in order to maintain the sustainability and quality of water resources and prevent outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Therefore, this review has been prepared to highlight the overall picture of the water dilemma in the Gaza strip in the last years and in addition, to identify the sources, sorts, levels, and health risks of consequence to microbial contamination of water. The impact of political conflicts on the water sector in the Gaza strip also was reviewed. Furthermore, recommendations were formulated in order to assist and guide future researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers to avoid the more exacerbation of water contamination as well as to protect public health.

/pdf/microbiological-quality-of-drinking-water-and-prevalence-of-2rb1gjpybl.pdf

Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water and Prevalence of Waterborne Diseases in the Gaza Strip, Palestine: A Narrative Review

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