Abstract Background School bullying is described as violence to other people. It is perpetrated at schools or other activities when the power of a student or a group of students is used to injure others or other groups. Main body The prevalence of school bullying is varied from one country to another. There are many types of bullying, such as physical, verbal, social relations, psychological, sexual, and cyber-bullying. Many risk factors could affect school bullying, especially individual, peer and parent factors. Researches found that adults who had school bullying are more vulnerable to develop future psychiatric disorders. Conclusions School bullying is one of the crucial problems among pupils. The wide range of the prevalence of school bullying may be due to different methodologies and the presence of many risk factors. It is recommended to have long-term researches about the student with bullying behavior. Also, prevention programs are required to increase knowledge and early detection of affected students to prevent future psychiatric disorders. 

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Risk factors of school bullying and its relationship with psychiatric comorbidities: a literature review

Statistical analysis of childhood and early adolescent externalizing behaviors in a middle low income country.

School bullying is the most widespread form of violence among adolescents. It has been identified as a critical problem for students and has evolved into a public health issue and global crisis. The study aims to assess the prevalence of school bullying among primary school students and its relationship with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorders. Among the 280 primary school students those aged 10-12 years were recruited. All participants were assessed by parent interview, the Arabic version of the bullying behavior scale for children and adolescents and the Arabic version of the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale-28.We found that the prevalence rate of bullying behavior was 12.5% among students. In bullying students' group, males were higher percentage (15.8%) than females (9%). Also, they had the highest mean scores regarding verbal bullying and social bullying, followed by psychological and physical bullying. Regarding Conners', the higher mean scores of conduct problem, passive-inattentive, and hyperactivity index were associated with bullying students in compared to students without bullying.The prevalence of school bullying among primary school students was 12.5%. Also, there was significant association between bullying students and having attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and/or conduct disorder. 

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Prevalence of school bullying and its relationship with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a cross-sectional study

Bullying victimization is a repetitive exposure to negative actions from one or more students over time. Bullying victim adolescents have higher levels of mental health problems, worse mental health outcomes, and lowered social status than non-victim adolescents. Literature on bullying among adolescents in Ethiopia is limited. This study aimed to assess the magnitude of bullying victimization and its associated factors among adolescents.A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 847 adolescents in Mettu town. A Stratified sampling technique was used to select eligible Study participants from September, 1 to 30, 2020. Linear regression analysis model was used; first bivariate analysis was performed to see the association of each independent variable with bullying victimization. Variables with (P < 0.25) in bivariate analysis were entered into a multivariate linear regression model to identify the association of each independent variable with bullying victimization. The statistical significance was considered at P value < 0.05.From the total of 847 adolescents 819 were voluntarily involved in the study giving the response rate of 96.7%. The prevalence of bullying victimization in this study was 30.4%. Being male (β = 1.135, p = 0.001), physical abuse (β = 0.622, p ≤ 0.001), emotional abuse (β = 0.512, p ≤ 0.001), current substance use (β = 1.153, p = 0.005), psychological distress (β = 0.406, p ≤ 0.001) and having medical illness (β = 3.500, p ≤ 0.001) were significantly associated with bullying victimization.Bullying victimization is quite common among adolescents and has both short- and long-term consequences. Bullying prevention treatments should focus on male adolescents and those who report being bullied. Anti-bullying policies in schools are critical for educating teachers, parents, and students about bullying. 

/pdf/bullying-victimization-and-its-associated-factors-among-1z8mj9x4.pdf

Bullying victimization and its associated factors among adolescents in Illu Abba Bor Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

School bullying is a major concern for school-aged youth and has great impacts on children’s health and well-being, and an increasing number of school bullying cases have been reported in China. Many studies have indicated that psychological resilience may have a well-established association with school bullying. However, only a limited number of studies have explored this association, especially among primary school students. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between school bullying and psychological resilience among primary school students from a Chinese city. The participants were 6,011 primary school students aged 7–14 years who were recruited in a cross-sectional survey in Luzhou, China. The statistical significance of differences between groups was tested using the χ2 test or t test. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the association between psychological resilience and school bullying. The incidence rates of bullies and victims were 30.00% (1803/6011; 95% CI: 28.84%-31.16%) and 69.89% (4201/6011; 95% CI: 68.73%-71.05%), respectively. Psychological resilience was a protective factor of school bullying among primary school students (for bullying perpetrators, OR = 0.76, 95%CI:0.62–0.93, and for bully victims OR = 0.74, 95%CI:0.61–0.90), especially among female students (for bullying perpetrators, OR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.47–0.85, and for bully victims, OR = 0.69, 95%CI: 0.53–0.90). School bullying among primary school students in Luzhou City was highly prevalent. High levels of psychological resilience might be a protective factor in preventing primary students from being involved in school bullying, especially among females.

School bullying among Chinese third to fifth grade primary school students in a cross-sectional study: The protective effect of psychological resilience

Background Executive function (EF) develops throughout childhood and adolescence. Up to half of youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show executive dysfunction. Reading disability has a comorbidity with ADHD of 20–40%. Adequate reading comprehension depends on higher cognitive skills beyond word decoding. 
Aim The aim of this study was to investigate EFs and reading abilities in a group of primary school children with ADHD [intelligence quotient (IQ)≥85] and whether they differ with sex. 
Methods A total of 30 Egyptian boys and 30 girls aged 8–12 years diagnosed with ADHD were compared with 40 healthy matched controls in terms of clinical assessment of reading skills, comorbidites, IQ, ADHD symptoms using Conners’ Parent Rating Scale-Revised-Long version (CPRS-R-L), EFs using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and metacognitive reading using the Metacognitive Reading Comprehension Scale. 
Results In total, 50% of ADHD cases showed the combined type, 31.7% the predominantly inattentive, and 18.3% the predominantly hyperactive type, with a significant gender difference (P=0.007). Patients had significantly higher scores in all CPRS-R-L scales, except for the anxious–shy subscale. Boys had higher means in the ‘hyperactivity’, whereas girls had higher means in the ‘cognitive problems/inattention’ scale. Male and female patients did not differ in comorbid learning disabilities but differed in conduct disorder and depression. Patients scored significantly lower on all WCST indices, except the first trials (P 
Conclusion Children with ADHD have lower EF and reading abilities than controls. Executive dysfunction is related to inattention and not to hyperactivity. No robust differences in EF can be attributed solely to sex. Reading and metacognitive reading dysfunctions showed no gender difference.

Gender differences in executive functions and reading abilities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Objectives: Addictive behavior affecting human health is on the rise among adolescents. Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and illegal drug use are common among university students. Hence, the aim of this study was assessment of the attitude toward substance use and its predictors among final year medical students, faculty of medicine, Cairo University. Materials and Methods: In total, 200 students were randomly chosen during their final year of study. Participants were subjected to semistructured questions that assessed demographics and smoking status of the students, attitude toward substance abuse questionnaire, and Sensation-seeking Scale (SSS). Results: Male individuals comprised 61% compared with 39% of female individuals, and the age for both male students and female students ranged from 21 to 31 years old with a mean value of 23.21±1.09. The majority (95%) did not use substances, whereas 5% used substances at least once during their life. About half of the students (52.5%) scored average on the SSS, whereas 28% scored low and 19% were high on the scale. Comparison between both sexes revealed a significant difference in smoking (P<0.001). Both sexes did not differ in the attitude toward substance abuse and the SSS (P=0.37 and 0.20, respectively). Smokers showed significantly higher scores on attitude toward substance abuse (P<0.001) and also the students who had lifetime substance use (P<0.001). Conclusions: Smoking and substance use are more important than age and sex as predictors of attitude of medical students toward substance use.

Attitude Toward Substance Use Among Egyptian Medical Students

Objectives: The aim of this work was to study the association between different dimensions of impulsive behavior from one side and addiction-related problems and diurnal salivary cortisol levels from the other side. Methods: A cross sectional case/control study with 50 subjects consisting 2 equal groups. Subjects were recruited consecutively from Kasr Al-Ainy Psychiatry and Addiction Hospital, Cairo University and were matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status. Both groups were subjected to Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I), Arabic version; UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. Patients with substance dependence completed the Addiction Severity Index, Arabic version. Diurnal salivary cortisol level was measured in both groups to reflect baseline activity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Results: Patients with substance dependence had statistically significant higher scores on urgency (P=0.000), lack of premeditation (P=0.006), and lack of perseverance (P=0.018) subscales. About 76% had no problem, (20%) had mild problems and (4%) had severe alcohol use problems. Difference between the 2 groups in terms of salivary cortisol levels was not statistically significant (P=0.806). Conclusions: Substance-dependent subjects scored significantly higher than control subjects on lack of premeditation, urgency, and lack of perseverance traits. There was no relation between diurnal salivary cortisol levels and impulsivity.

Impulsivity and Salivary Cortisol Level in Patients With Substance Dependence

Knowledge on risk factors of bullying and victimization among school students is crucial for the implementation of preventive measures. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and correlates of school bullying and victimization and their association with behavioral disorders among preparatory and secondary school students in rural Egypt. Cross-sectional A total of 476 students from two mixed public schools in rural Egypt (one preparatory and one secondary) were enrolled. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic characteristics and correlates of bullying and victimization including personal and social, family, school, and community factors. Frequency of bullying and victimization was measured using the short version aggression and victimization scale. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used for screening behavioral problems. Prevalence of bullying behavior was high (77.8%) among the studied group, of those 9.5% were unique bullies, 10.5% were unique victims, and 57.8% were bully-victims. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, failure in previous scholastic years (OR = 11.1, 95% CI 1.1–101.4, P = 0.033), witnessing family members using weapons (OR = 6.1, 95% CI 1.1–34.0, P = 0.038), male gender (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–5.0, P = 0.027), and mothers’ education (university or higher) (OR = 0.1, 95% CI 0.02–0.7, P = 0.017) remained the significant predictors for bullying. However, only having a drug addict friend (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1–5.4, P = 0.025) was the significant predictor for victimization. The independent predictors for being bully-victims in order of importance were exposure to physical violence in the street (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 1.2–22.7, P = 0.031), male gender (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.8–5.6, P < 0.001), witnessing fights (OR = 3.1, 95% CI 1.7–5.7, P < 0.001) and insulting words (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.3–4.7, P = 0.007) among family members, exposure to insulting words in the street (OR = 2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.7, P = 0.010), watching violent movies (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.4, P = 0.008), and younger age (OR = 0.7, 95% CI 0.6–0.8, P < 0.001). The self-reported SDQ revealed that the conduct problems scale scored significantly higher among bully-victims (2.8 ± 1.7 vs. 2.3 ± 1.6, P = 0.004). Prevalence of bullying behavior was high among rural adolescent school students. Establishment of a bullying prevention committee at school including all school personnel for addressing different factors associated with bullying behavior is recommended. Further follow-up and psychiatric assessment of students for predicting those prone to behavioral abnormalities are also recommended.

/pdf/prevalence-and-correlates-of-bullying-and-victimization-4b3w5bn94y.pdf

Prevalence and correlates of bullying and victimization among school students in rural Egypt

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Gender differences in executive functions and reading abilities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attitude Toward Substance Use Among Egyptian Medical Students

Impulsivity and Salivary Cortisol Level in Patients With Substance Dependence

Prevalence and correlates of bullying and victimization among school students in rural Egypt