Melt electrospun fibers of poly(ϵ-caprolactone) are accurately deposited using an automated stage as the collector. Matching the translation speed of the collector to the speed of the melt electrospinning jet establishes control over the location of fiber deposition. In this sense, melt electrospinning writing can be seen to bridge the gap between solution electrospinning and direct writing additive manufacturing processes.

Direct writing by way of melt electrospinning

4D printing of shape memory polymer composites: A review on fabrication techniques, applications, and future perspectives

Innovations in industrial automation, information and communication technology (ICT), renewable energy as well as monitoring and sensing fields have been paving the way for smart devices, which can acquire and convey information to the Internet. Since there is an ever-increasing demand for large yet affordable production volumes for such devices, printed electronics has been attracting attention of both industry and academia. In order to understand the potential and future prospects of the printed electronics, the present paper summarizes the basic principles and conventional approaches while providing the recent progresses in the fabrication and material technologies, applications and environmental impacts.

A Review on Printed Electronics: Fabrication Methods, Inks, Substrates, Applications and Environmental Impacts

Advances in 3D bioprinting of tissues/organs for regenerative medicine and in-vitro models.

4D bioprinting is the next-generation additive manufacturing-based fabrication platform employed to construct intricate, adaptive, and dynamic soft and hard tissue structures as well as biomedical devices. It is achieved by using stimuli-responsive materials, especially shape memory polymers (SMPs) and hydrogels, which possess desirable biomechanical characteristics. In the last few years, numerous efforts have been made by 4D printing community to develop novel stimuli-responsive polymeric materials by considering their biomedical perspective. This review presents an up-to-date overview of 4D bioprinting technology incorporating bioprinting materials, functionalities of biomaterials as well as the focused approach towards different tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) applications. It includes bone, cardiac, neural, cartilage, drug delivery systems, and other high-value biomedical devices. This review also addresses current limitations and challenges in 4D bioprinting technology to provide a basis for foreseeable advancements for TERM applications that could be helpful for their successful utilization in clinical settings. • A compendium review of 4D bioprinting technology. • Development of scaffolds for tissue regeneration through 4D bioprinting. • Fabrication of biomedical devices by stimuli-responsive polymers and hydrogels. • Addressing current limitations and challenges in 4D bioprinting. 

4D bioprinting of smart polymers for biomedical applications: recent progress, challenges, and future perspectives

We report the fabrication of scroll-like scaffolds with anisotropic topography using 4D printing based on a combination of 3D extrusion printing of methacrylated alginate, melt-electrowriting of polycaprolactone fibers, and shape-morphing of the fabricated object. A combination of 3D extrusion printing and melt-electrowriting allows programmed deposition of different materials and fabrication of structures with high resolution. Shape-morphing allows the transformation of a patterned surface of a printed structure in a pattern on inner surface of a folded object that is used to align cells. We demonstrate that the concentration of calcium ions, the environment media, and the geometrical shape of the scaffold influences shape-morphing that allows it to be efficiently programmed. Myoblasts cultured inside a scrolled bilayer scaffold demonstrate excellent viability and proliferation. Moreover, the patterned surface generated by PCL fibers allow a very high degree of orientation of cells, which cannot be achieved on the alginate layer without fibers.

4D Biofabrication Using a Combination of 3D Printing and Melt-Electrowriting of Shape-Morphing Polymers.

This paper reports an approach for the fabrication of shape-changing bilayered scaffolds, which allow the growth of aligned skeletal muscle cells, using a combination of 3D printing of hyaluronic a...

Shape-Morphing Fibrous Hydrogel/Elastomer Bilayers Fabricated by a Combination of 3D Printing and Melt Electrowriting for Muscle Tissue Regeneration

Icing of various surfaces is often a result of the collision of supercooled water drops with substrates. Ice formation from supercooled water drops is initiated by nucleation when the size of an ice embryo reaches a critical value. The lack of controlling the inception of heterogeneous nucleation and the rate of solidification, which depend on the properties of the substrate, temperature, and impact parameters of the liquid drop, poses a very serious challenge to the design of effective ice-preventing materials. In this exploratory experimental study, we show how a significant nucleation delay during impact of supercooled water drops can be achieved by tuning the properties of the substrate and, specifically, by introducing chemical and topographical heterogeneities on the surfaces formed by a mixture of either polymer-coated hydrophilic and hydrophobic particles or Janus particles. We have discovered that the nucleation rate during drop impact is significantly reduced on heterogeneous surfaces formed by ...

Supercooled Water Drops Do Not Freeze During Impact on Hybrid Janus Particle-Based Surfaces

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4D Biofabrication Using a Combination of 3D Printing and Melt-Electrowriting of Shape-Morphing Polymers.

Shape-Morphing Fibrous Hydrogel/Elastomer Bilayers Fabricated by a Combination of 3D Printing and Melt Electrowriting for Muscle Tissue Regeneration

Supercooled Water Drops Do Not Freeze During Impact on Hybrid Janus Particle-Based Surfaces