The continuously growing amount of renewable sources starts compromising the stability of electrical grids. Contradictory to fossil fuel power plants, energy production of wind and photovoltaic (PV) energy is fluctuating. Although predictions have significantly improved, an outage of multi-MW offshore wind farms poses a challenging problem. One solution could be the integration of storage systems in the grid. After a short overview, this paper focuses on two exemplary battery storage systems, including the required power electronics. The grid integration, as well as the optimal usage of volatile energy reserves, is presented for a 5- kW PV system for home application, as well as for a 100- MW medium-voltage system, intended for wind farm usage. The efficiency and cost of topologies are investigated as a key parameter for large-scale integration of renewable power at medium- and low-voltage.

The Balance of Renewable Sources and User Demands in Grids: Power Electronics for Modular Battery Energy Storage Systems

Optimization of an off-grid hybrid PV-Wind-Diesel system with different battery technologies using genetic algorithm

Inductive power transfer (IPT) is an attractive solution for the automated battery charging of public transport electric vehicles (EVs) with low maintenance requirements. This paper presents the design of a 50 kW/85 kHz contactless EV charger, with a focus on the IPT transmitter and receiver coils. The multi-objective magnetics optimization reveals the Pareto tradeoffs and performance limitations in terms of high efficiency, high power density, and low stray field for high-power IPT systems without moving mechanical parts. A full-scale hardware prototype is realized and experimentally investigated. The dc-dc conversion efficiency, including all the power electronics stages, is measured as 95.8% at 50 kW power transfer across an air gap of 160 mm (coil dimensions $410\times 760\times 60$ mm3). With 150 mm coil misalignment in the worst case direction, the dc-dc efficiency drops to 92%. The measurements of the magnetic stray field show compliance with ICNIRP 2010 at 800 mm distance from the IPT coil center.

Multi-Objective Optimization of 50 kW/85 kHz IPT System for Public Transport

Interplay of Lithium Intercalation and Plating on a Single Graphite Particle

Improving the rate capability of lithium-ion batteries is beneficial to the convenience of electric vehicle application. The high-rate charging, however, leads to lithium inventory loss, mechanical effects and even thermal runaway. Therefore, the optimal charging algorithm of Li-ion batteries should achieve the shortest charging interval with minimal degradation. This paper thoroughly reviews the recent progress on fast charging in terms of material chemistry, thermal issues and charging optimization. Specifically, the microscale mechanisms that limit rate capability are explored and methods for material modification are addressed in detail. To improves the operation safety and battery lifespan at wider temperature ranges, side reactions induced by charging at extreme temperatures are analyzed and solutions are discussed. Preheating at low temperatures is highlighted especially. Furthermore, charging optimization based on local volume expansion, battery model and big data is summarized. Finally, challenges and promising directions as possible inspirations for future research towards fast charging are proposed.

Challenges and opportunities toward fast-charging of lithium-ion batteries

Fast charging of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery at the limit of the lithium deposition process

Concept of a Battery Aging Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering the Lifetime Dependency on the Operation Strategy

Erratum to "Fast charging of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery at the limit of the lithium deposition process" [J. Power Sources 427 (2019) 260-270]

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Fast charging of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery at the limit of the lithium deposition process

Concept of a Battery Aging Model for Lithium-Ion Batteries Considering the Lifetime Dependency on the Operation Strategy

Erratum to "Fast charging of an electric vehicle lithium-ion battery at the limit of the lithium deposition process" [J. Power Sources 427 (2019) 260-270]