Challenges and key requirements of batteries for electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft

Lithium (Li) metal, owing to its high specific capacity and low redox potential as a Li+ ion source in rechargeable lithium batteries, shows impressive prospects for electrochemical energy storage. However, engineering Li metal into thin foils has historically remained difficult, owing to its stickiness and fragility upon mechanical rolling. Consequently, using thick Li in battery systems betrays the original target for achieving higher energy density, results in material waste, and creates illusions on evaluating modification strategies for taming the highly reactive Li metal anode. Being apprehensive of this, in the tutorial review, we illustrate the argument of applying thin Li (<50 μm, preferably ≤30 μm) to achieve more realistic and advanced battery systems. A brief overview of Li is sketched first to help understand its role in batteries. Then, the reasons for pursuing thin Li are critically analyzed. Next, seminal technologies enabling the fabrication of thin Li are summarized and compared, which calls for the participation of experts from mechanical engineering, metallurgy, electrochemistry, and other fields. Subsequently, the possible applications of thin Li in batteries are presented. With the deployment of thin Li, there are new challenges and opportunities to encounter and an outlook is afforded thereof. Holy-grail Li metal anodes, combined with the subtraction operation in thickness and compatible modification strategies, would bring about a truly great leap forward in electrochemical energy storage.

Less is more: a perspective on thinning lithium metal towards high-energy-density rechargeable lithium batteries.

The need for higher energy-density rechargeable batteries has generated interest in alkali metal electrodes paired with solid electrolytes. However, metal penetration and electrolyte fracture at low current densities have emerged as fundamental barriers. Here we show that for pure metals in the Li–Na–K system, the critical current densities scale inversely to mechanical deformation resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate two electrode architectures in which the presence of a liquid phase enables high current densities while it preserves the shape retention and packaging advantages of solid electrodes. First, biphasic Na–K alloys show K+ critical current densities (with the K-β″-Al2O3 electrolyte) that exceed 15 mA cm‒2. Second, introducing a wetting interfacial film of Na–K liquid between Li metal and Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 solid electrolyte doubles the critical current density and permits cycling at areal capacities that exceed 3.5 mAh cm‒2. These design approaches hold promise for overcoming electrochemomechanical stability issues that have heretofore limited the performance of solid-state metal batteries. A challenge with the use of metal anodes in batteries is their inability to sustain structural stability, especially at high currents. Here the authors examine electrochemomechanical properties of metal anodes and demonstrate an effective semi-solid electrode approach at practically relevant conditions.

Semi-solid alkali metal electrodes enabling high critical current densities in solid electrolyte batteries

Strategies towards a more sustainable aviation: A systematic review

Abstract Developing high-energy and efficient battery technologies is a crucial aspect of advancing the electrification of transportation and aviation. However, battery innovations can take years to deliver. In the case of non-aqueous battery electrolyte solutions, the many design variables in selecting multiple solvents, salts and their relative ratios make electrolyte optimization time-consuming and laborious. To overcome these issues, we propose in this work an experimental design that couples robotics (a custom-built automated experiment named "Clio”) to machine-learning (a Bayesian optimization-based experiment planner named "Dragonfly”). An autonomous optimization of the electrolyte conductivity over a single-salt and ternary solvent design space identifies six fast-charging non-aqueous electrolyte solutions in two work-days and forty-two experiments. This result represents a six-fold time acceleration compared to a random search performed by the same automated experiment. To validate the practical use of these electrolytes, we tested them in a 220 mAh graphite∣∣LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 pouch cell configuration. All the pouch cells containing the robot-developed electrolytes demonstrate improved fast-charging capability against a baseline experiment that uses a non-aqueous electrolyte solution selected a priori from the design space. 

pdf/autonomous-optimization-of-non-aqueous-li-ion-battery-3f06fuqveo.pdf

Autonomous optimization of non-aqueous Li-ion battery electrolytes via robotic experimentation and machine learning coupling

Performance Metrics Required of Next-Generation Batteries to Electrify Commercial Aircraft

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Performance Metrics Required of Next-Generation Batteries to Electrify Commercial Aircraft