A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spec- trometry method for the analysis of seven antiviral drugs, zanamivir, ribavirin, oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, amantadine, rimantadine and arbidol, in poultry muscle is reported. The antiviral drugs were extracted from the homogenized poultry muscle sample using methanol. The extract was purified using tandem solid-phase extraction combining a cation exchange cartridge and a phenyl- boronic acid cartridge. To prevent excessive matrix effects, the analytes were separated from the matrix constituents using a column-switch liquid chromatogra- phy system combining a reversed-phase and a Hyper- carb analytical column. Detection was carried out using tandem mass spectrometry. The method was fully validated according to 2002/657/EC (1) and proved to be adequate for quantification and confirmation of zanamivir and ribavirin at 10 μ gk g −1 , oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate, amantadine and rimantadine at levels below 1.0 μ gk g −1 and for qualita- tive confirmatory analysis of arbidol at levels below 1 μ gk g −1 .

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Quantitative trace analysis of a broad range of antiviral drugs in poultry muscle using column-switch liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

A novel β-Cyclodextrin-QDs optical biosensor for the determination of amantadine and its application in cell imaging

A new and simple procedure has been developed for the indirect determination of amantadine in biological samples. In this paper, a homogenous liquid–liquid extraction method followed by a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method has been developed for the extraction and preconcentration of amantadine from samples and its determination was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Initially, to human plasma or urine, sodium chloride and acetone were added. After manual shaking, the mixture was centrifuged and a two-phase system was formed: an upper phase of acetone containing amantadine and a lower phase containing soluble compounds in water and the precipitated proteins. The upper phase was removed, mixed with 1,1,2-trichloroethane as an extraction solvent at a microliter level and rapidly injected by a syringe into an aqueous solution containing Zn(II) with a pH of 4 placed into a test tube with a conical bottom. In this process, an amantadine–Zn complex was formed and extracted into fine droplets of the extraction solvent. After centrifugation, the fine droplets of the extractant containing the complex were sedimented in the bottom of the tube. The sedimented phase was injected to the detection system via a home-made sample introduction system. Under the optimal conditions, the linear ranges were between 3–400 ng mL−1. The limits of detection of the target analyte were obtained as 1.8 and 1.1 ng mL−1 in human plasma and urine, respectively.

Combination of homogenous liquid–liquid extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for extraction and preconcentration of amantadine from biological samples followed by its indirect determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A nonionic surfactant MEKC method with LIF detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of memantine, an anti-Alzheimer's disease agent, and amantadine, an anti-Parkinson's disease drug, in human plasma. Before analysis, the plasma samples were pretreated by liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, and derivatized with 6-carboxyfluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The chemical derivatization is performed with 6-carboxyfluorescein N-hydroxysuccinimide ester in ACN - 5 mM pH 9.0 borate buffer (40:60, v/v) at 35 degrees C for 3 h. After the derivatization reaction, hydrodynamic injection (0.5 psi, 8 s) was used to introduce the derivatized solution, and the separation was performed in borate buffer (30 mM, pH 9.5) with the nonionic surfactant Brij-35 (0.07%, w/v); the separation voltage was 6 kV. The linear ranges of the method for the determination of memantine and amantadine in human plasma were over a range of 2.0-60.0 ng/mL. The detection limit was 0.5 ng/mL (S/N=3). This method was applied successfully to monitor the concentration of memantine or amantadine in patients with Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease.

Simultaneous determination of memantine and amantadine in human plasma as fluorescein derivatives by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection and its clinical application.

Screening method for the analysis of antiviral drugs in poultry tissues using zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

New method for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amantadine and its analogues in rat plasma

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New method for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of amantadine and its analogues in rat plasma