An isolated three-port bidirectional dc-dc converter composed of three full-bridge cells and a high-frequency transformer is proposed in this paper. Besides the phase shift control managing the power flow between the ports, utilization of the duty cycle control for optimizing the system behavior is discussed and the control laws ensuring the minimum overall system losses are studied. Furthermore, the dynamic analysis and associated control design are presented. A control-oriented converter model is developed and the Bode plots of the control-output transfer functions are given. A control strategy with the decoupled power flow management is implemented to obtain fast dynamic response. Finally, a 1.5 kW prototype has been built to verify all theoretical considerations. The proposed topology and control is particularly relevant to multiple voltage electrical systems in hybrid electric vehicles and renewable energy generation systems.

An Isolated Three-Port Bidirectional DC-DC Converter With Decoupled Power Flow Management

Although many researchers have investigated the use of different powertrain topologies, component sizes, and control strategies in fuel-cell vehicles, a detailed parametric study of the vehicle types must be conducted before a fair comparison of fuel-cell vehicle types can be performed. This paper compares the near-optimal configurations for three topologies of vehicles: fuel-cell-battery, fuel-cell-ultracapacitor, and fuel-cell-battery-ultracapacitor. The objective function includes performance, fuel economy, and powertrain cost. The vehicle models, including detailed dc/dc converter models, are programmed in Matlab/Simulink for the customized parametric study. A controller variable for each vehicle type is varied in the optimization.

A Comparative Study of Fuel-Cell–Battery, Fuel-Cell–Ultracapacitor, and Fuel-Cell–Battery–Ultracapacitor Vehicles

Combining high-energy-density batteries and high-power-density ultracapacitors in fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) results in a high-performance, highly efficient, low-size, and light system. Often, the battery is rated with respect to its energy requirement to reduce its volume and mass. This does not prevent deep discharges of the battery, which are critical to the lifetime of the battery. In this paper, the ratings of the battery and ultracapacitors are investigated. Comparisons of the system volume, the system mass, and the lifetime of the battery due to the rating of the energy storage devices are presented. It is concluded that not only should the energy storage devices of a FCHEV be sized by their power and energy requirements, but the battery lifetime should also be considered. Two energy-management strategies, which sufficiently divide the load power between the fuel cell stack, the battery, and the ultracapacitors, are proposed. A charging strategy, which charges the energy-storage devices due to the conditions of the FCHEV, is also proposed. The analysis provides recommendations on the design of the battery and the ultracapacitor energy-storage systems for FCHEVs.

Influence of Battery/Ultracapacitor Energy-Storage Sizing on Battery Lifetime in a Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Battery versus hybrid power sources performance is examined in the manuscript. Passive, semi-active and fully active battery–ultracapacitor hybrids show obvious superiority over battery only powered pulsed current loads. Passive hybrid is the most simple and cheap arrangement, however its uncontrolled nature results in several drawbacks during the operation. On the other hand, the fully active hybrids achieve superior performance at the expense of two DC–DC converters and the corresponding control circuitry. The trade off between the topologies is the semi-active hybrid, employing only one DC–DC converter and attaining a compromising performance. The thorough characterization of each topology and sub-topology is presented in the manuscript and design methodology is derived for a particular case of pulsed current load.

Battery–ultracapacitor hybrids for pulsed current loads: A review

This paper proposes a new energy storage system (ESS) design, including both batteries and ultracapacitors (UCs) in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicle applications. The conventional designs require a DC-DC converter to interface the UC unit. Herein, the UC can be directly switched across the motor drive DC link during the peak power demands. The resulting wide voltage variation due to UC power transfer is addressed by the simple modulator that is introduced in this paper, so that the motor drive performance is not disrupted. Based on this new methodology, this paper further introduces two ESS schemes with different topologies, namely 1) UC rating and 2) energy flow control. They are applicable to both lightly and heavily hybridized HEVs. Both schemes have the benefits of high efficiency (without a DC-DC link) and low cost. The simulation and experimental results validate the new methodology.

/pdf/a-new-battery-ultracapacitor-energy-storage-system-design-48wykxcopf.pdf

A New Battery/Ultracapacitor Energy Storage System Design and Its Motor Drive Integration for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid and electric vehicles (HEV, EV) require some form of energy storage in order to achieve load leveling or efficiently manage power flows, mainly when accelerating or decelerating. Traditionally, batteries have been used but recently ultracapacitors have become potential candidates for energy storage in HEV/EV applications. To this end, this paper first presents a methodology for determining whether an energy storage unit (ESU) should consist of only batteries, only ultracapacitors or a combination of both. An example illustrates the feasibility of the proposed ideas. Finally, the paper concludes with a cost analysis of the different ESU alternatives.

Design methodology of a combined battery-ultracapacitor energy storage unit for vehicle power management

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Design methodology of a combined battery-ultracapacitor energy storage unit for vehicle power management