Soil Chemical Analysis

Current agricultural practices, developed during the green revolution, are becoming unsustainable, especially in the face of climate change and growing populations. Nanotechnology will be an important driver for the impending agri-tech revolution that promises a more sustainable, efficient and resilient agricultural system, while promoting food security. Here, we present the most promising new opportunities and approaches for the application of nanotechnology to improve the use efficiency of necessary inputs (light, water, soil) for crop agriculture, and for better managing biotic and abiotic stress. Potential development and implementation barriers are discussed, emphasizing the need for a systems approach to designing proposed nanotechnologies.

Opportunities and challenges for nanotechnology in the agri-tech revolution.

The excess use of mineral fertilizers and unsafe pesticides has led to pollution and serious health issues. Nanoscience may solve those issues by providing nanomaterials of higher performance. Here we reviewed the development of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides and their applications on crop systems. Nanofertilizers such as N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo and carbon nanotubes show better release and targeted delivery efficiency. Nanopesticides such as Ag, Cu, SiO2, ZnO and nanoformulations show better broad-spectrum pest protection efficiency in comparison with conventional pesticides.

Nanofertilizers and nanopesticides for agriculture

The use of nanomaterials in agriculture as nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, or nano-enabled sensors to increase crop yield is gaining increasing interest. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can improve crop productivity by influencing fertilizer nutrient availability in soil and uptake by plants. These materials can suppress crop diseases by directly acting on pathogens through a variety of mechanisms, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ENMs may also suppress disease indirectly by improving crop nutrition and enhancing plant defense pathways. Efficient use of ENMs may complement or replace conventional fertilizers and pesticides, subsequently reducing the environmental impact of agricultural practices. This review evaluates the current literature on ENMs used as pesticides and fertilizers, and highlights critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed to ensure sustainable application of nanotechnology in agriculture so as to achieve global food security.

Recent advances in nano-enabled fertilizers and pesticides: a critical review of mechanisms of action

Nutrient deficiency in food crops is seriously affecting human health, especially those in the rural areas, and nanotechnology may become the most sustainable approach to alleviating this challenge. There are several ways of fortifying the nutrients in food such as dietary diversification, use of drugs and industrial fortification. However, the affordability and sustainability of these methods have not been completely achieved. Plants absorb nutrients from fertilizers, but most conventional fertilizers have low nutrient use and uptake efficiency. Nanofertilizers are, therefore, engineered to be target oriented and not easily lost. This review surveys the effects of the addition of macro- and nanonutrients to soil, the interaction, and the absorption capability of the plants, the environmental effect and food content of the nutrients. Most reports were obtained from recent works, and they show that plants nutrients could be enriched by applying nanoparticulate nutrients, which are easily absorbed by the plant. Although there are some toxicity issues associated with the use of nanoparticles in crop, biologically synthesized nanoparticles may be preferred for agricultural purposes. This would circumvent the concerns associated with toxicity, in addition to being pollution free. This report, therefore, offers more understanding on the application of nanotechnology in biofortification of plant nutrients and the future possibilities offered by this practice. It also highlights some of the ills associated with the introduction of nanomaterials into the soil for crop’s improvement.

/pdf/the-role-of-nanotechnology-in-the-fortification-of-plant-1oyb7xw7yv.pdf

The Role of Nanotechnology in the Fortification of Plant Nutrients and Improvement of Crop Production

Zinc (Zn) use efficiency hardly exceeds 2–3% and major portion of added Zn gets fixed in the soil. In order to improve the Zn use efficiency by crops, a laboratory study was undertaken at the Depar...

Development of slow release Zn fertilizer using nano-zeolite as carrier

A laboratory study was undertaken to regulate the release of zinc (Zn) to the soil–plant system using a nano-sized manganese hollow core shell. The manganese carbonate core was used as a template to produce hollow shells like capsules, using cationic and anionic charged polymer electrolytes through electrostatic interaction. After achieving the nano-dimension hollow shell, Zn was fortified by loading zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). The hollow core shell was characterized using a particle size analyzer, Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) before and after loading of Zn. The characterization studies clearly indicated that the hollow core shell was successfully loaded with Zn to a level of 10%, and the presence of Zn was confirmed using Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The sorption and desorption pattern of the Zn-loaded hollow core shell was examined using a percolation reactor. The...

Controlled-release fertilizer of zinc encapsulated by a manganese hollow core shell

The current energy crisis situation, combined with the recent development of renewable energy resources, has promoted the development of energy storage materials for supercapacitors and rechargeable metal ion batteries. In this regard, metal oxide-based two-dimensional materials such as reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites have tremendous potential for the aforementioned purpose. The ZnO-CuO/rGO nanocomposites were designed and synthesized by a simple, cost-effective co-precipitation method. The structural and morphological analysis of synthesized nanomaterials ZnO, CuO, and ZnO.CuO/rGO nanocomposites were extensively characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Rama spectra, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD pattern results of ZnO nanoparticles show wurtzite structure, copper oxide nanoparticles show monoclinic phase structure, and ZnO-CuO/rGO composites show a mixture of wurtzite, monoclinic phase, and hexagonal structure. The surface morphology of the ZnO-CuO/rGO nanocomposite shows the spherical and hexagonal-shaped ZnO-CuO nanoparticles uniformly arranged on the surface of graphene oxide sheets. The binding energy values of the nanocomposite confirm the oxidation states of Zn, Cu, C, and O elements in ZnO-CuO/rGO presented in the XPS studies. The electrochemical activity of the ZnO-CuO/rGO nanocomposite in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte exhibits a specific capacitance of 260.7 F/g at 0.5 A/g, high energy density, and excellent cycle stability. Even after 10,000 cycles, 98.7% of the initial supercapacitance remains. These findings suggest that the ZnO-CuO/rGO nanocomposite has a bright future as an electrode material in supercapacitors. 

ZnO-CuO nanoparticles enameled on reduced graphene nanosheets as electrode materials for supercapacitors applications

The laboratory research was attempted to find nano zinc fertilizer utilizing the carbon sphere as a substrate. Typically the encapsulation techniques are followed in the drug delivery system, the limited work was done in nano-based zinc micronutrient for slow release of nutrients to crop. The use efficiency of zinc micronutrients in the soil is only less than 6 percentage. In universal, the deficiency of zinc micronutrients causes malnutrition problems in human beings, especially in children. After considering this problem we planned to prepare zinc nano fertilizer by using the carbon sphere for need-based slow release and increase the use efficiency of zinc micronutrient in soil. In this study we synthesis the carbon sphere nanoparticle after the formation of carbon sphere the zinc sulphate was loaded and characterized by utilizing Scanning Electron Microscopy, Surface Area and Porosity, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy. The research result shows that the nano carbon sphere was excellently loaded with zinc sulphate to the tune of 8 percentage and it was confirmed by Energy dispersive X-beam spectroscopy. The zinc loaded carbon sphere release nutrient for a prolonged period of up to 600 h in the case of conventional zinc sulphate zinc release halted after 216 h in percolation reactor studies. The zinc nano fertilizer is recommended in agriculture to increase zinc use efficiency, crop yield without any environmental risk.

/pdf/carbon-sphere-zinc-sulphate-nanohybrids-for-smart-delivery-4mp2vd8n5k.pdf

Carbon sphere-zinc sulphate nanohybrids for smart delivery of zinc in rice (Oryza sativa L).

/pdf/role-of-fungi-in-agriculture-49yoybtvnf.pdf

Role of Fungi in Agriculture

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