Neutrino–nuclear responses for astro-neutrinos, single beta decays and double beta decays

The observation of neutrinoless double beta decay (DBD) will have important consequences. First it will signal that lepton number is not conserved and the neutrinos are Majorana particles. Second, it represents our best hope for determining the absolute neutrino mass scale at the level of a few tens of meV. To achieve the last goal, however, certain hurdles have to be overcome involving particle, nuclear and experimental physics. Particle physics is important since it provides the mechanisms for neutrinoless DBD. In this review, we emphasize the light neutrino mass mechanism. Nuclear physics is important for extracting the useful information from the data. One must accurately evaluate the relevant nuclear matrix elements (NMEs), a formidable task. To this end, we review the recently developed sophisticated nuclear structure approaches, employing different methods and techniques of calculation. We also examine the question of quenching of the axial vector coupling constant, which may have important consequences on the size of the NMEs. From an experimental point of view it is challenging, since the life times are extremely long and one has to fight against formidable backgrounds. One needs large isotopically enriched sources and detectors with good energy resolution and very low background.

Neutrinoless double beta decay and neutrino mass

Most uncertainties regarding the theoretical study of the neutrinoless double-beta decay are related to the accuracy of the nuclear matrix elements that appear in the expressions of the lifetimes. We calculate the nuclear matrix elements for the $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay of $^{130}Te$ in a shell model approach, using a recently proposed effective Hamiltonian. To ensure the reliability of the results, we investigate this Hamiltonian by performing calculations of spectroscopic quantities and comparing them to the latest experimental data available, and we analyze the $2\nu\beta\beta$ and the $0\nu\beta\beta$ decay nuclear matrix elements of $^{136}$Xe. Finally, we report new nuclear matrix for the $^{130}$Te considering the light neutrino exchange and heavy neutrino exchange mechanisms, alongside with an overview of some recent values reported in the literature.

Shell model studies of the 130 Te neutrinoless double-beta decay

Neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$) is a crucial test for lepton number violation. Observation of this process would have fundamental implications for neutrino physics, theories beyond the Standard Model and cosmology. Focusing on so-called short-range operators of $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ and their potential interplay with the standard light Majorana neutrino exchange, we present the first complete calculation of the relevant nuclear matrix elements, performed within the interacting boson model (IBM-2). Furthermore, we calculate the relevant phase space factors using exact Dirac electron wave functions, taking into account the finite nuclear size and screening by the electron cloud. The obtained numerical results are presented together with up-to-date limits on the standard mass mechanism and effective $0\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ short-range operators in the interacting boson model framework. Finally, we interpret the limits in the particle physics scenarios incorporating heavy sterile neutrinos, left-right symmetry and $R$-parity violating supersymmetry.

Analysis of light neutrino exchange and short-range mechanisms in 0 ν β β decay

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 128☆

Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distributions have been investigated in a high-resolution (${}^{3}$He,$t$) charge-exchange experiment on the double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ ($\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ ) decaying nuclei ${}^{128}$Te and ${}^{130}$Te. The experiment was carried out at the Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka, with a 420-MeV incident ${}^{3}$He beam and the Grand Raiden magnetic spectrometer. A final-state energy resolution of 35 keV was achieved. The extracted GT strength distributions at low excitation energies in the final nuclei ${}^{128}$I and ${}^{130}$I are presented and discussed in the context of the $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay matrix elements for the two tellurium nuclei. The additional neutron pair in ${}^{130}$Te seems to produce a moderate increase in the fragmentation of the low-energy GT distribution.

High resolution ( 3 He,t) experiment on the double-β decaying nuclei 128 Te and 130 Te

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High resolution ( 3 He,t) experiment on the double-β decaying nuclei 128 Te and 130 Te