Total p-p and "p-n" Cross Sections at Cosmotron Energies

The compound hypothesis for hyperons and heavy mesons is restated, modifying an earlier assumption on the isotopic spin of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}^{0}$. $\ensuremath{\theta}$ mesons and $\overline{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ mesons (antiparticles) are assumed to have isotopic spin $T=\frac{1}{2}$, as proposed by Gell-Mann. The total number of heavy mesons ($\ensuremath{\theta}$ mesons minus $\overline{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ mesons) is conserved in strong interactions (fast reactions). The fundamental reaction is thus pair creation of $\ensuremath{\theta}+\overline{\ensuremath{\theta}}$, with $\ensuremath{\theta}$ mesons free and $\overline{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ mesons either free or bound to nucleons ($\mathfrak{N}$). Hence $\mathfrak{N}+\overline{\ensuremath{\theta}}$ can form $T=0$ and $T=1$ multiplets which are identified with the ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ singlet and the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ triplet, respectively. The facts known about hyperons, associated production, and interaction of heavy mesons with nucleons are consistent with our assumptions. A discussion of $T$-multiplets among hypernuclei is given. Some experiments which may throw new light on the compound hypothesis are discussed.

Compound Hypothesis for the Heavy Unstable Particles. II

Schawlow and Townes have made a theoretical calculation of the perturbing effect of the finite size of the nucleus on the ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}\ensuremath{-}{L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ x-ray doublet splitting in heavy elements. Combined with approximate calculations by Christy and Keller of the unperturbed splitting for the case of a point nucleus, comparison of this theory with such experimental values of the splitting as were then available led to an anomalously large value of nuclear radius, $R={r}_{0}{A}^{\frac{1}{3}}$ with ${r}_{0}=2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. Schawlow and Townes offered the suggestion to account for this that quantum electrodynamic effects probably modify the fine structure in much the same way as an oversize nucleus. The present investigation was undertaken to improve on the precision of the x-ray measurements yielding the ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}\ensuremath{-}{L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ fine structure splitting and to incorporate into a new comparison between theory and experiment the recent vacuum polarization correction of Wichmann and Kroll. The measurements of the ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}\ensuremath{-}{L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ splitting for W, Pt, Bi, Th, U, and Pu are based on two-crystal spectrometer determinations of the Bragg angles of the $L{\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{2}$ and $L{\ensuremath{\beta}}_{1}$ x-ray lines of these elements. Techniques of measurement and corrections for vertical divergence and crystal diffraction pattern asymmetry leading to a relative precision (relative standard deviation) in the splitting of about 50 parts per million are described. A comparison is made with the data used by Schawlow and Townes, and a discrepancy is found in several earlier wavelength values which may account partly for the large value of ${r}_{0}$ obtained by them. A comparison of the theoretical to the present experimental values of the splitting, assuming no quantum electrodynamic effects, yields a value of ${r}_{0}=1.08\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. When corrections are made for vacuum polarization and a nuclear radius of ${r}_{0}=1.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm, a comparison with experiment shows that a discrepancy remains which is then used to evaluate an empirical correction term. The sign, magnitude, and $Z$ dependence of this term suggest that the remaining discrepancy might arise principally from the Lamb shift effect.

Precision Measurement of X-Ray Fine Structure; Effects of Nuclear Size and Quantum Electrodynamics

Three proton synchrotrons are now in operation in the energy range above 1000 MeV (1 GeV). A 1-GeV machine has been constructed at the University of Birmingham and 3- and 6-GeV machines are located at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (N. Y.) and the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory (California). In this report a general description of these three synchrotrons is preceded by a brief presentation of the applicable proton dynamics. A survey is also included of the salient features of a 10-GeV air-cored proton synchrotron under construction at Canberra (Australia). The discovery of alternating-gradient focusing has made possible the design of proton synchrotrons in the 10 to 50 GeV range. The dynamics of protons in alternating-gradient fields are discussed and design data are presented for machines to be constructed by Brookhaven and by the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland. A novel application of the new focusing method evolved by the Midwest Universities Research Association (U.S.A.) is also explained.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/19/1/302/pdf

The Proton Synchrotron

During the past few years there haa accumulated so much experimental information on hyperons and heavy mesons that some of the many puzzling questions on these strange particles arebeing resolved. Under such circumstances one is often motivated to seek for an ordering principle by which one can understand why there are such particles as being known, why they are of such nature as being observed. It is expected that the solution of this problem would be of great help to bring the present status ofthe theory of elementary particles much further. Besides such problems of a rather deep nature, we are interested in understanding the curious behaviours of the heavy unstable particles in a consistent manner and in predicting their implications to the pion-nucleon interactions. In this report we shall confine ourselves to the latter problem. The theory of hyperons and heavy mesons is closely related to the pion theory on which we base our reasoning and arguments, and we have assumed that these particles are so strongly coupled to each other that one cannot treat them separately for quantitative calculations. Also it can readily be shown through tentative estimations of the strength of the nuclear interaction of these particles that the assumption mentioned above would certainly be reasonable. Hence the theory of these strongly coupled particles is sharply contrasted to quantum electrodynamics which is practically a closed theory. Since, however, the theory of pions as it stands is not yet fully successful in explaining the nature of pions a t energies of the order of Gev, we cannot expect any quantitative theory of these particles for the time being. Still it is possible to draw some interesting conclusions on the nature of strange particlcs on which one can readily understand many of their striking behaviours observed so far. These arguments arc baaed mainly on the general invariance principles in quantum field theory, which would certainly be more reliable than the present ficld

On the Theory of Hyperons and Heavy Mesons

Heavy Mesons Produced by 2.2- and 3.0-Bev Protons

Tau Meson Produced by 3.0-Bev Protons

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Heavy Mesons Produced by 2.2- and 3.0-Bev Protons

Tau Meson Produced by 3.0-Bev Protons