The detailed science and technology of crystalline oxide film growth using vacuum methods is reviewed and discussed with an eye toward gaining fundamental insights into the relationships between growth process and parameters, film and interface structure and composition, and electronic, magnetic and photochemical properties. The topic is approached first from a comparative point of view based on the most widely used growth methods, and then on the basis of specific material systems that have generated very high levels of interest. Emphasis is placed on the wide diversity of structural, electronic, optical and magnetic properties exhibited by oxides, and the fascinating results that this diversity of properties can produce when combined with the degrees of freedom afforded by heteroepitaxy.

Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Doped Transition Metal and Complex Oxide Films

In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was utilized to identify the chemical state of silver in a range of silver oxide thin films obtained by codeposition of silver and atomic oxygen. A highly oxidized silver species was observed at an unexpectedly low Ag 3d5/2 binding energy (BE) of 366.8 eV with an associated broad satellite at 368.2 eV; this species was assigned as Ag(III). It was found to be highly unstable in vacuum but could be regenerated by further exposure to atomic oxygen. Both BE shifts and intensity changes of the O 1s peak were found to correlate with changes in the silver oxidation state. The theoretical XPS spectrum of high spin Ag(III) was calculated for both an isolated cation and an embedded AgO6 cluster.

Spectroscopic Evidence for Ag(III) in Highly Oxidized Silver Films by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

An effective method for depositing highly transparent and conductive ultrathin silver (Ag) electrodes using minimal oxidation is reported. The minimal oxidation of Ag layers signifi cantly improves the intrinsic optical and structural properties of Ag without any degradation of its electrical conductivity. Oxygen-doped Ag (AgO x ) layers of thicknesses as low as 6 nm exhibit completely 2D and continuous morphologies on ZnO fi lms, smaller optical refl ections and absorbances, and smaller sheet resistances compared with those of discontinuous and granular-type Ag layers of the same thickness. A ZnO/AgO x /ZnO (ZAOZ) electrode using an AgO x (O/Ag = 3.4 at%) layer deposited on polyethylene terephthalate substrates at room temperature shows an average transmittance of 91%, with a maximum transmittance of 95%, over spectral range 4001000 nm and a sheet resistance of 20 Ω sq 1 . The average transmittance value is increased by about 18% on replacing a conventional ZnO/Ag/ZnO (ZAZ) electrode with the ZAOZ electrode. The ZAOZ electrode is a promising bottom transparent conducting electrode for highly fl exible inverted organic solar cells (IOSCs), and it achieves a power conversion effi ciency (PCE) of 6.34%, whereas an IOSC using the ZAZ electrode exhibits a much lower PCE of 5.65%.

Transparent Ultrathin Oxygen-Doped Silver Electrodes for Flexible Organic Solar Cells

Physicochemical characterization and catalytic performance of 10% Ag/CeO2 catalysts prepared by impregnation and deposition–precipitation

Structure, conductivity, and optical absorption of Ag2−xO films

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Structure, conductivity, and optical absorption of Ag2−xO films