Imatinib specifically inhibits receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and is clinically used to treat leukemia. Receptor tyrosine kinases not only mediate tumor growth but also initiate adverse signaling in heart failure. We investigated whether imatinib, by inhibiting the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR/3), prevents cardiac and renal damage in TGR(mRen2)27 (Ren2) rats. Eight-week-old male homozygous Ren2 and Sprague Dawley rats were treated either with imatinib (30 mg/kg; STI-571) or placebo for 8 weeks (Ren2 n= 12 for each group; Sprague Dawley n=6 for each group). Imatinib did not affect blood pressure or left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in both groups. Imatinib attenuated the decline in fractional shortening (imatinib versus Ren2 placebo 45±4.5% versus 32±3%; n=7-11; P<0.05) and in diastolic function in Ren2 rats (baseline diastolic dP/dt corrected for systolic blood pressure Ren2 imatinib versus Ren2 placebo 38.6±0.67 versus 35.3±0.41 [1 · s -1 ]; n=7-11; P<0.05). This was associated with decreased cardiac fibrosis and decreased activation of PDGFRβ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Renal microvascular hypertrophy and perivascular fibrosis in Ren2 rats were significantly decreased by imatinib. In vitro, imatinib blocked angiotensin II-induced activation of the PDGFR/3 and significantly decreased fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. In conclusion, imatinib did not affect LV hypertrophy but attenuated the decline in cardiac function and reduced renal microvascular damage associated with reduced activation of the PDGFR/3. The simultaneous improvement in both heart and kidneys suggests that inhibition of the PDGFRβ has broad protective effects that may provide novel avenues for a blood pressure-independent protection against end-organ damage.

Imatinib attenuates end-organ damage in hypertensive homozygous TGR(mRen2)27 rats. Commentary

Matricellular proteins are extracellular matrix proteins that modulate cellmatrix interactions and cell function, and do not seem to have a direct structural role. The family includes tenascin C (TN-C), tenascin X (TN-X), osteonectin, osteopontin, thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) and thrombospondin-2 (TSP2). Expression of matricellular proteins is high during embryogenesis, but almost absent during normal postnatal life. Interestingly, it reappears in response to injury. Left ventricular remodeling is a complicated process that occurs in the stressed heart, and is still not completely understood. Several members of the matricellular protein family, like TN-C, osteopontin, and osteonectin are up-regulated after cardiac injury. Therefore, this group of proteins may have crucial functions in the heart coping with stress. This review will focus on the expression, regulation and function of these matricellular proteins, and will discuss the crucial functions that these proteins might exert during remodeling of the stressed heart. Chapter 2

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Matricellular proteins : essential modulators of cardiac remodeling

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Matricellular proteins : essential modulators of cardiac remodeling