世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation

Quantified global scenarios and projections are used to assess long-term future global food security under a range of socio-economic and climate change scenarios. Here, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the range of future global food security projections to 2050. We reviewed 57 global food security projection and quantitative scenario studies that have been published in the past two decades and discussed the methods, underlying drivers, indicators and projections. Across five representative scenarios that span divergent but plausible socio-economic futures, the total global food demand is expected to increase by 35% to 56% between 2010 and 2050, while population at risk of hunger is expected to change by −91% to +8% over the same period. If climate change is taken into account, the ranges change slightly (+30% to +62% for total food demand and −91% to +30% for population at risk of hunger) but with no statistical differences overall. The results of our review can be used to benchmark new global food security projections and quantitative scenario studies and inform policy analysis and the public debate on the future of food.

/pdf/a-meta-analysis-of-projected-global-food-demand-and-3by8urnvxs.pdf

A meta-analysis of projected global food demand and population at risk of hunger for the period 2010–2050

In the era of climate change, global agricultural systems are facing numerous, unprecedented challenges. In order to achieve food security, advanced nano-engineering is a handy tool for boosting crop production and assuring sustainability. Nanotechnology helps to improve agricultural production by increasing the efficiency of inputs and minimizing relevant losses. Nanomaterials offer a wider specific surface area to fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, nanomaterials as unique carriers of agrochemicals facilitate the site-targeted controlled delivery of nutrients with increased crop protection. Due to their direct and intended applications in the precise management and control of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides), nanotools, such as nanobiosensors, support the development of high-tech agricultural farms. The integration of biology and nanotechnology into nonosensors has greatly increased their potential to sense and identify the environmental conditions or impairments. In this review, we summarize recent attempts at innovative uses of nanotechnologies in agriculture that may help to meet the rising demand for food and environmental sustainability.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/24/14/2558/pdf

Applications of Nanotechnology in Plant Growth and Crop Protection: A Review

The phase behavior of three N-alkyl-substituted perylene diimide derivatives is examined by differential scanning calorimetry and polarized optical microscopy. The occurrence of multiple phase transitions indicates several crystalline and several liquid crystalline phases. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the liquid crystalline phases display high structural ordering in all three dimensions:  smectic layers are formed, and within these smectic layers an additional ordering in columns is observed. Molecular modeling confirms this result and substantiates smectic ordering with interdigitating alkyl chains that determine the distance between the smectic layers. The ordering in columns is favored by π−π interactions between the cofacially oriented perylene molecules and by the elliptic shape of the molecule. Finally, intermolecular dipole−dipole interactions between the carbonyl groups of the imide moieties cause the perylene molecules to orient on average with a slight rotation between neighboring mo...

Liquid Crystalline Perylene diimides : Architecture and Charge Carrier Mobilities

Extended x-ray absorption fine structure study of molybdenum/alumina samples prepared by equilibrium adsorption of ammonium heptamolybdate

A series of phthalimide- and 1,12-benzoperylene-1‘,2‘-dicarboxylic imido-linked alkynes were prepared and analyzed by UV, FT-IR, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The possibility to convert ω-alkynes (R−(CH2)n−C⋮CH) to diacetylenic compounds (R−(CH2)nC⋮C−C⋮C−(CH2)n−R) was investigated for R = phthalimide and 1,12-benzoperylene-1‘,2‘-dicarboxylic imide with n = 1, 3, and 9. Formation of the diacetylenic compound is usually straightforward (as checked by comparison with independently synthesized diacetylenes), and in some cases heat-induced polymerization of the thus-formed diacetylenes proceeds directly. For the perylene imide-linked materials with n = 1 and n = 3 1,2-polymerization occurs, while for n = 9 1,4-polymerization occurs. The 1,4-polymerization is also observed for the phthalimide-linked materials. For R = phthalimide and n = 1 this 1,4-polymerization can only be induced by further heating, while for the analogous n = 9 compound 1,4-polymerization is already induced by U...

Dye-Substituted Acetylenes and Diacetylenes: Convenient Polymerization As Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, FT-IR, and UV−vis Spectroscopy

Studies on the conformation of 5,15-diarylporphyrins with (arylsulfonyl)oxy substituents

Both 1- and 3-bromoisoquinoline are converted by potassium amide in liquid ammonia into the corresponding amino derivatives in excellent yields. It is shown that the amination of 3-bromoisoquinoline proceeds as for 55% by the SN(ANRORC) mechanism via an open-chain compound, while the remaining 45% substitution, as well as the substitution in 1-bromoisoquinoline, occurs probably by the AE mechanism.



When heated with ethanolic ammonia at 130°C 3-bromoisoquinoline is transformed into 3-aminoisoquinoline to the extent of 27% by the SN(ANRORC) mechanism; thus this mechanism may well occur with other reagents also.

Reactions of 1‐ and 3‐bromoisoquinoline with potassium amide in liquid ammonia. Nucleophilic substitution of 3‐bromoisoquinoline by the ANRORC mechanism

Synthesis and deuteration of some halogenoquinolizinium bromides

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