Bioaerosol sampling: sampling mechanisms, bioefficiency and field studies

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:1d6ae56/stockwell_2019_2.pdf

Indoor hospital air and the impact of ventilation on bioaerosols: a systematic review

https://iris.unive.it/bitstream/10278/3638529/1/1-s2.0-S0964830514003813-main.pdf

The extreme environment of a library: Xerophilic fungi inhabiting indoor niches

Microbiological contamination of air in the operating room is generally considered to be a risk factor for surgical site infections in clean surgery. Evaluation of the quality of air in operating theatres can be performed routinely by microbiological sampling and particle counting, but the relationship between these two methods has rarely been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine whether particle counting could be predictive of microbiological contamination of air in operating rooms. Over a three-month period, air microbiological sampling and particle counting were performed simultaneously in four empty operating rooms belonging to two surgical theatres equipped with conventional ventilation via high-efficiency particulate air filters. Correlation between the two methods was measured with Spearman's correlation coefficient. The ability of particle counting to discriminate between microbiological counting values higher and lower than 5 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3 was evaluated using receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Microbiological counting ranged from 0 to 38CFU/m3, while the particle counts ranged from 0 to 46 262/m3. Methods of microbiological and particle counting did not correlate (Spearman correlation coefficient=0.06, P=0.6). Using the ROC curve, no particle count value could be predictive of a microbiological count higher than 5CFU/m3. The results of the current study suggest that there is no reason to replace microbiological sampling with particle counting for routine evaluation of microbiological contamination in conventionally ventilated operating theatres.

Iconographies supplémentaires de l'article : Monitoring air sampling in operating theatres: can particle counting replace microbiological sampling?

The operating room (OR) of the hospital is a special unit that requires a relatively clean environment. The microbial concentration of an indoor OR extrinsically influences surgical site infection rates. The aim of this study was to use active sampling methods to assess microbial colony counts in working ORs and to determine the factors affecting air contamination in a tertiary referral medical center.
 This study was conducted in 28 operating rooms located in a 3000-bed medical center in northern Taiwan. The microbiologic air counts were measured using an impactor air sampler from May to August 2015. Information about the procedure-related operative characteristics and surgical environment (environmental- and personnel-related factors) characteristics was collected. A total of 250 air samples were collected during surgical procedures. The overall mean number of bacterial colonies in the ORs was 78 ± 47 cfu/m3. The mean number of colonies was the highest for transplant surgery (123 ± 60 cfu/m3), followed by pediatric surgery (115 ± 30.3 cfu/m3). A total of 25 samples (10%) contained pathogens; Coagulase-negative staphylococcus (n = 12, 4.8%) was the most common pathogen. After controlling for potentially confounding factors by a multiple regression analysis, the surgical stage had the significantly highest correlation with bacterial counts (r = 0.346, p < 0.001). Otherwise, independent factors influencing bacterial counts were the type of surgery (29.85 cfu/m3, 95% CI 1.28–58.42, p = 0.041), site of procedure (20.19 cfu/m3, 95% CI 8.24–32.14, p = 0.001), number of indoor staff (4.93 cfu/m3, 95% CI 1.47–8.38, p = 0.005), surgical staging (36.5 cfu/m3, 95% CI 24.76–48.25, p < 0.001), and indoor air temperature (9.4 cfu/m3, 95% CI 1.61–17.18, p = 0.018). Under the well-controlled ventilation system, the mean microbial colony counts obtained by active sampling in different working ORs were low. The number of personnel and their activities critically influence the microbe concentration in the air of the OR. We suggest that ORs doing complex surgeries with more surgical personnel present should increase the frequency of air exchanges. A well-controlled ventilation system and infection control procedures related to environmental and surgical procedures are of paramount importance for reducing microbial colonies in the air.

/pdf/factors-influencing-microbial-colonies-in-the-air-of-1yqfoer6ud.pdf

Factors influencing microbial colonies in the air of operating rooms.

In cultural-heritage-related indoor environments, biological particles represent a hazard not only for cultural property, but also for operators and visitors Reliable environmental monitoring methods are essential for examining each situation and assessing the effectiveness of preventive measures We propose an integrated approach to the study of biological pollution in indoor environments such as libraries and archives This approach includes microbial air and surface sampling, as well as an investigation of allergens and pollens Part of this monitoring plan has been applied at the Palatina Library in Parma, Italy However, wider collections of data are needed to fully understand the phenomena related with biological contamination, define reliable contamination threshold values, and implement appropriate preventive measures

/pdf/proposal-for-a-biological-environmental-monitoring-approach-44hvhcrr3q.pdf

Proposal for a biological environmental monitoring approach to be used in libraries and archives

This study examines variations in the start date, end date, duration, date of peak, peak value and Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI) of airborne pollen seasons recorded in Parma, Northern Italy, in relation to meteorological data (1994–2011). Pollen data were collected in the city of Parma by volumetric spore trap. The following taxa were analysed: Alnus, Ambrosia, Artemisia, Betula, Amaranthaceae, Corylus, Cupressaceae, Plantago, Platanus, Poaceae and Urticaceae. Spearman’s rank correlation tests were used to establish whether significant relationships existed between the different characteristics of the pollen seasons. Simple linear regression analysis was also carried out in order to investigate trends over time. Only 12 % of the 66 characteristics examined showed significant changes over the study period. Temperatures increased significantly during the spring, but this did not appear to have a corresponding impact on seasonal characteristics related to the timing of pollen seasons (i.e. start date, peak date and end date). All of the observed changes were associated with characteristics that can be related to exposure (i.e. duration, peak value and SPI). For arboreal taxa, the SPI of Betula decreased significantly, and Platanus pollen seasons became significantly shorter. For herbaceous species, the SPI and peak values of Artemisia became significantly lower, whereas the SPI and peak values of Ambrosia became significantly higher. The SPI of Poaceae and Urticaceae also decreased significantly. The results of correlation analysis showed that various characteristics of pollen seasons are significantly related. This study provides an essential baseline for determining exposure of the allergic population to allergenic pollen and aids understanding of the incidence of pollinosis in Parma. Gaps still exist in current knowledge; not least, the need to quantify the degree of influence exerted by some of the principal factors driving environmental change, climate and land use.

Characteristics and trends of selected pollen seasons recorded in Parma (Northern Italy) from 1994 to 2011

Microbial environmental monitoring represents one of the most useful methods to assess potential risks related to the integrity of cultural heritage and people’s health. The monitoring plan described in the present work is based on standardized techniques for measuring microbial air and surface contamination. Air contamination is assessed through both active and passive samplings, measuring the concentration of microbes in air (in colony forming units per cubic metre, CFU/m3) and the rate at which microorganisms settle on surfaces (expressed by the Index of Microbial Air Contamination, IMA, CFU/dm2/h). For surface contamination, two parameters are measured using nitrocellulose membranes: the Microbial Buildup (MB, the total number of microorganisms accumulated on a surface in an unknown period of time prior to the sampling) and the Hourly Microbial Fallout (HMF, the number of microorganisms that settle on a specific surface during 1 h). The monitoring plan was implemented at the Pilotta Palace in Parma, Italy, during the Correggio exhibition in 2009. Samplings were taken before and during opening times. Some microbial contamination was already detected before the arrival of visitors: air contamination mean values of 99.1 CFU/m3 and 5.2 CFU/dm2/h were recorded, while MB and HMF mean values for surfaces were 92 and 7 CFU/dm2, respectively. A significant increase was recorded in air contamination during opening times, with mean values of 323.7 CFU/m3 and 19.4 CFU/dm2/h; surface contamination values increased as well. This monitoring plan represents a contribution towards the definition of a much needed standardized methodology.

Proposal for an integrated approach to microbial environmental monitoring in cultural heritage: experience at the Correggio exhibition in Parma

Manuale di gestione e Qualità della rete Italiana di monitoraggio in Aerobiologia R.I.M.A.

Characteristics and trends of selected pollen seasons recorded in parma (northern italy) from to .

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