The soil science community is facing a growing demand of regional, continental, and worldwide databases in order to monitor the status of the soil. However, the availability of such data is very scarce. Cost-effective tools to measure soil properties for large areas (e.g., Europe) are required. Soil spectroscopy has shown to be a fast, cost-effective, environmental-friendly, nondestructive, reproducible, and repeatable analytical technique. The main aim of this paper is to describe the state of the art of soil spectroscopy as well as its potential to facilitating soil monitoring. The factors constraining the application of soil spectroscopy as an alternative to traditional laboratory analyses, together with the limits of the technique, are addressed. The paper also highlights that the widespread use of spectroscopy to monitor the status of the soil should be encouraged by (1) the creation of a standard for the collection of laboratory soil spectra, to promote the sharing of spectral libraries, and (2) the scanning of existing soil archives, reducing the need for costly sampling campaigns. Finally, routine soil analysis using soil spectroscopy would be beneficial for the end users by a reduction in analytical costs, and an increased comparability of results between laboratories. This ambitious project will materialize only through (1) the establishment of local and regional partnerships among existent institutions able to generate the necessary technical competence, and (2) the support of international organizations. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission are well placed to promote the use of laboratory and field spectrometers for monitoring the state of soils.

Soil Spectroscopy: An Alternative to Wet Chemistry for Soil Monitoring

ContextHysteroscopy (direct endoscopic visualization of the endometrial cavity)
is used extensively in the evaluation of common gynecologic problems, such
as menorrhagia and postmenopausal bleeding. However, there is a continuing
debate about the value of this technology in the diagnosis of serious endometrial
disease.ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing endometrial
cancer and hyperplasia in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.Data SourcesRelevant articles were identified through searches of the Cochrane Library,
MEDLINE, and EMBASE (1984-2001), manual searches of bibliographies of known
primary and review articles, and contact with manufacturers.Study SelectionStudies were selected blindly, independently, and in duplicate if accuracy
of hysteroscopy was estimated in women with abnormal uterine bleeding, using
histopathologic findings as a reference standard. Our search identified 3486
articles; 208 of these were deemed to be potentially eligible and were retrieved
for detailed data extraction. Sixty-five primary studies were analyzed, including
26 346 women.Data ExtractionData were abstracted on characteristics and quality from each study.
Results for diagnostic accuracy were extracted to form 2 × 2 contingency
tables separately for endometrial cancer and endometrial disease (cancer,
hyperplasia, or both). Pooled likelihood ratios (LRs) were used as summary
accuracy measures.Data SynthesisThe pretest probability of endometrial cancer was 3.9% (95% confidence
interval [CI], 3.7%-4.2%). A positive hysteroscopy result (pooled LR, 60.9;
95% CI, 51.2-72.5) increased the probability of cancer to 71.8% (95% CI, 67.0%-76.6%),
whereas a negative hysteroscopy result (pooled LR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.13-0.18)
reduced the probability of cancer to 0.6% (95% CI, 0.5%-0.8%). There was statistical
heterogeneity in pooling of LRs, but an explanation for this could not be
found in spectrum composition and study quality. The overall accuracy for
the diagnosis of endometrial disease was modest compared with that of cancer,
and the results were heterogeneous. The accuracy tended to be higher among
postmenopausal women and in the outpatient setting.ConclusionThe diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy is high for endometrial cancer,
but only moderate for endometrial disease (cancer or hyperplasia).

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/195338/JMA10041.pdf

Accuracy of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of endometrial cancer and hyperplasia: a systematic quantitative review

Our aim was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness measurement by pelvic ultrasonography for predicting endometrial carcinoma and disease (hyperplasia and/or carcinoma) during an investigation of postmenopausal bleeding. We performed a systematic quantitative review of the available published literature, which consisted of online searching the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (1966-2000) coupled with scanning of bibliography of known primary and review articles. The selection of studies, assessment of study quality, and extraction of data were performed in duplicate under masked conditions. Included in the analyses were 57 studies with 9031 patients. Accuracy data were summarized using likelihood ratios for various cut-off levels of abnormal endometrial thickness. The commonest cut-offs were 4 mm (9 studies) and 5 mm (21 studies), measuring both endometrial layers. None of the nine studies using the < or = 4 mm cut-off level were of good quality. Only four studies (out of the 21) used the < or = 5 mm cut-off level, which employed the best-quality criteria. Using the pooled estimates from these four studies only, a positive test result raised the probability of carcinoma from 14.0% (95% CI 13.3-14.7) to 31.3% (95% CI 26.1-36.3), while a negative test reduced it to 2.5% (95% CI 0.9-6.4). In conclusion, ultrasound measurement of endometrial thickness alone, using the best-quality studies cannot be used to accurately rule. However, a negative result at < or = 5 mm cut-off level measuring both endometrial layers in the presence of endometrial pathology rules out endometrial pathology with good certainty.

https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.810902.x

Ultrasonographic endometrial thickness for diagnosing endometrial pathology in women with postmenopausal bleeding: a meta-analysis.

CONTEXT
Hysteroscopy (direct endoscopic visualization of the endometrial cavity) is used extensively in the evaluation of common gynecologic problems, such as menorrhagia and postmenopausal bleeding. However, there is a continuing debate about the value of this technology in the diagnosis of serious endometrial disease.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the accuracy of hysteroscopy in diagnosing endometrial cancer and hyperplasia in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.


DATA SOURCES
Relevant articles were identified through searches of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE (1984-2001), manual searches of bibliographies of known primary and review articles, and contact with manufacturers.


STUDY SELECTION
Studies were selected blindly, independently, and in duplicate if accuracy of hysteroscopy was estimated in women with abnormal uterine bleeding, using histopathologic findings as a reference standard. Our search identified 3486 articles; 208 of these were deemed to be potentially eligible and were retrieved for detailed data extraction. Sixty-five primary studies were analyzed, including 26 346 women.


DATA EXTRACTION
Data were abstracted on characteristics and quality from each study. Results for diagnostic accuracy were extracted to form 2 x 2 contingency tables separately for endometrial cancer and endometrial disease (cancer, hyperplasia, or both). Pooled likelihood ratios (LRs) were used as summary accuracy measures.


DATA SYNTHESIS
The pretest probability of endometrial cancer was 3.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.7%-4.2%). A positive hysteroscopy result (pooled LR, 60.9; 95% CI, 51.2-72.5) increased the probability of cancer to 71.8% (95% CI, 67.0%-76.6%), whereas a negative hysteroscopy result (pooled LR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.13-0.18) reduced the probability of cancer to 0.6% (95% CI, 0.5%-0.8%). There was statistical heterogeneity in pooling of LRs, but an explanation for this could not be found in spectrum composition and study quality. The overall accuracy for the diagnosis of endometrial disease was modest compared with that of cancer, and the results were heterogeneous. The accuracy tended to be higher among postmenopausal women and in the outpatient setting.


CONCLUSION
The diagnostic accuracy of hysteroscopy is high for endometrial cancer, but only moderate for endometrial disease (cancer or hyperplasia).

Accuracy of Hysteroscopy in the Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer and Hyperplasia

Summary

Effective agricultural planning requires basic soil information. In recent decades visible near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (vis-NIR) has been shown to be a viable alternative for rapidly analysing soil properties. We studied 7172 samples of seven different soil types collected from several regions of Brazil and varying in organic matter (OM) (0.2–10.3%) and clay content (0.2–99.0%). The aim was to explore the possibility of enhancing the performance of vis-NIR data in predicting organic matter and clay content in this library by dividing it into smaller sub-libraries on the basis of their vis-NIR spectra. We used partial least square regression (PLSR) models on the sub-libraries and compared the results with PLSR and two non-linear calibration techniques, boosted regression trees (BT) and support vector machines (SVM) applied to the whole library. The whole library calibrations for clay performed well (ME (modelling efficiency) > 0.82; RMSE (root mean squared error) 0.60; RMSE < 0.55%). The best results were, however, found when dividing the large library into smaller subsets by using variation in the mean-normalized or first derivative spectra. This divided the global data set into clusters that were more uniform in mineralogy, regardless of geographical origin, and improved predictive performance. The best clustering method improved the RMSE in the validation to 8.6% clay and 0.47% OM, which corresponds to a 21% and 15% reduction, respectively, as compared with whole library PLSR. For the whole library, SVM performed almost equally well, reducing RMSE to 8.9% clay and 0.48% OM.

Improving the prediction performance of a large tropical vis-NIR spectroscopic soil library from Brazil by clustering into smaller subsets or use of data mining calibration techniques

Estimation of total N, total P, pH and electrical conductivity in soil by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.

The assessment of aboveground biomass is important for achieving rational usage of pasture resources and for maximizing the quantity and quality of milk and meat production. This study presents a method for fast approximation of pastures’ biomass. Unlike most similar studies, which rely on unmanned aerial vehicle and satellite obtained data, this study focuses on photos made by stationary or mobile ground-based visual spectrum camera. The developed methodology uses raster analysis, based on the MGRVI index, in order to classify the pasture into two categories: ―grazed‖ and ―ungrazed‖. Thereafter, the developed methodology accounts for the perspective in order to obtain the actual area of each class in square meters and in percent. The methodology was applied on an experimental pasture, located near the city of Troyan (Bulgaria). Two images were selected, with the first one representing a mostly ungrazed pasture and the second one – a mostly grazed one. Thereafter the images were analyzed using QGIS 3.0 as well as a specially developed software tool. An important advantage of the proposed methodology is that it does not require expensive equipment and technological knowledge, as it relies on commonly available tools, such as the camera of mobile phones. Keywords—Pasture biomass; MGRVI; ground-based camera; classification

/pdf/fast-pasture-classification-method-using-ground-based-camera-3m2rbwtv.pdf

Fast Pasture Classification Method using Ground-based Camera and the Modified Green Red Vegetation Index (MGRVI)

The objective of the present study was to use near infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and chemometrics to distinguish three major soil types in Bulgaria – Chernozems, Luvisols and Vertisols....

Near Infrared Spectra and Soft Independent Modelling of Class Analogy for Discrimination of Chernozems, Luvisols and Vertisols:

First report of tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (anamorph Drechslera tritici‐repentis) in Bulgaria

The aim of the study is to establish the current distribution оf Moehringia jankae Griseb. ex Janka and Moehringia grisebachii Janka in Sinite Kamani Natural Park and to assess the state of its populations. Nine populations of M. jankae and fourteen populations of M. grisebachii were registered. It has been established that the Balkan endemic M. jankae inhabits quartz porphyry rock formations, conglomerates and limestones in Karandila, Haidushka pateka, Kaloyanovi kuli, Kamilata areas at an altitude of 590 to 972 m. Its populations number from 10 to 72 specimens at an area of 0.5 to 796 m 2 . The Balkan endemic M. grisebachii inhabits quartz porphyry rock formations and conglomerates in Haidushka pateka, Mollova kuria, Kaloyanovi kuli, Karandila, Gornaka, Karakyutyuk, Kamilata and Golyama Chatalka at an altitude from 641 to 1049 m. Its populations number from 11 to about 347 specimens on an area of 1.7 to 1720 m 2 . Main threats to the populations of both species in the Natural Park are anthropogenic impact and adverse weather conditions during fruiting.

http://www.uni-sz.bg/tsj/Vol.14,%20N%202,%202016/N.Grozeva%20(2).pdf

The balkan endemics Moehringia Jankae Griseb. ex Janka and Moehringia Grisebachii Janka in Sinite Kamani Natural Park, Bulgaria

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