Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.

Membrane Technology and Applications

Molecular separation with organic solvent nanofiltration: a critical review.

Two of the greatest challenges facing the 21st century involve providing sustainable supplies of clean water and energy, two highly interrelated resources, at affordable costs. Membrane technology is expected to continue to dominate the water purifica- tion technologies owing to its energy efficiency. However, there is a need for improved membranes that have higher flux, are more selective, are less prone to various types of fouling, and are more resistant to the chemical environment, especially chlorine, of these processes. This article summarizes the nature of the global water problem and reviews the state of the art of membrane technology. Existing deficiencies of current membranes and the opportunities to resolve them with innovative polymer chemistry and physics are identified. Extensive background is provided to help the reader understand the fundamental issues involved. V C 2010 Wiley Periodi- cals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1685-1718, 2010

Water Purification by Membranes: The Role of Polymer Science

Fundamental water and salt transport properties of polymeric materials

SrRuO3 is endowed with three remarkable features. First, it is a moderately correlated material that exhibits several novel physical properties; second, it permits the epitaxial growth of essentially single-crystal films; and third, because it is a good conductor, it has attracted interest as a conducting layer in epitaxial heterostructures with a variety of functional oxides. In this review, the present state of knowledge of SrRuO3 thin films is summarized. Their role as a model system for studying magnetism and electron transport characterized by intermediate electron correlation and large magnetocrystalline anisotropy is demonstrated. The materials science of SrRuO3 thin film growth is reviewed, and its relationship to electronic, magnetic, and other physical properties is discussed. Finally, it is argued that, despite all that has been learned, a comprehensive understanding of SrRuO3 is still lacking and challenges remain.

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Structure, physical properties, and applications of SrRuO3 thin films

High-temperature chemistry of the ruthenium—oxygen system1

Past detailed studies of solute transport through reverse-osmosis membranes have been conducted only with simple salts. The present work with phenol was undertaken largely because of the practical observation that the transport of low molecular weight organics is much more rapid than that of the salts. Studies of phenol sorption from dilute aqueous solution indicate that the diffusion coefficient for phenol in water-saturated 39.8 wt.-% acetyl cellulose acetate is 9.6 × 10-10 cm.2/sec., and the equilibrium distribution coefficient between the acetate phase and water is 42. Thus, the diffusion coefficient is quite close to that measured for sodium chloride, and the higher permeability of the membranes to phenol can be attributed entirely to their greater sorption of this solute. In direct osmosis experiments performed with significant water flow a measurable interaction or positive coupling between water and phenol flows has been observed. Further evidence of flow coupling is derived from reverse osmosis experiments in which significant negative solute rejection is observed; i.e., the permeate is enriched in phenol by as much as 20%. It is shown that a solution-diffusion transport model is not adequate to rationalize the results, and a more complex transport model is apparently required.

Phenol transport in cellulose acetate membranes

Dissociation of Palladium Oxide1

Dissociation of Iridium Oxide1

The palladium-chlorine system was studied over the range 500 to 1500 deg and a chlorine pressures up to 1 atm. PdCl/sub 2/ is the only solid chloride that is stable in this range, and its melting point was determined as 680 plus or minus 2 deg . The solubility of palladium in liquid PdCl/sub 2/ is small near the melting point of the compound, but increases with temperature. At 980 deg , the liquid in equilibrium with palladium contains 61 at.% chlorine and has a dissociation pressure of 1 atm. Studies of the effect of chlorine pressure on vapor pressure indicate that the important gaseous species are PdCl/sub 2/ and a gaseous polymer Pd/sub 5/Cl/sub 10/. At 1-atm. chlorine pressure, Pd/sub 5/Cl/ sub 10/(g) is the principal species below 980 deg , reaching a maximum partial pressure of 12 x 10/sup -3/ atm. at 850 deg . Above 980 deg , PdCl/sub 2/(g) becomes the main species, and at 1506 deg it has a partial pressure of 0.1 atm. at 1-atm. chlorine pressure. Thermodynamic quantities were determined from the dissociation-pressure and vapor-pressure data. ( auth)

The palladium-chlorine system at high temperature1

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