Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping.

The conflicting relationships between aphids and men: a review of aphid damage and control strategies.

The development of linkage maps with large numbers of molecular markers has stimulated the search for methods to map genes involved in quantitative traits (QTLs). A promising method, proposed by Lander and Botstein (1989), employs pairs of neighbouring markers to obtain maximum linkage information about the presence of a QTL within the enclosed chromosomal segment. In this paper the accuracy of this method was investigated by computer simulation. The results show that there is a reasonable probability of detecting QTLs that explain at least 5% of the total variance. For this purpose a minimum population of 200 backcross or F2 individuals is necessary. Both the number of individuals and the relative size of the genotypic effect of the QTL are important factors determining the mapping precision. On the average, a QTL with 5% or 10% explained variance is mapped on an interval of 40 or 20 centiMorgans, respectively. Of course, QTLs with a larger genotypic effect will be located more precisely. It must be noted, however, that the interval length is rather variable.

Accuracy of mapping quantitative trait loci in autogamous species.

Despite complex regional patterns of projected climate change, significant decreases in food crop yields have been predicted using the ‘worst case’ CO2 emission scenario (A1FI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Overall, climate change is predicted to have a progressively negative effect on the yield of food crops, particularly in the absence of efforts to mitigate global CO2 emissions. As with all species, plant pathogens will have varying responses to climate change. Whilst the life cycle of some pathogens will be limited by increasing temperatures, e.g. Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici, other climatic factors such as increasing atmospheric CO2, may provide more favourable conditions for pathogens such as Fusarium pseudograminearum. Based on published literature and unpublished work in progress, we have reviewed the qualitative effects of climate change on pathogens that cause disease of four major food crops: wheat, rice, soybean and potato. The limited data show that the influence will be positive, negative or neutral, depending on the host–pathogen interaction. Quantitative analysis of climate change on pathogens of these crops is largely lacking, either from field or laboratory studies or from modelling-based assessments. Systematic quantitative analysis of these effects will be necessary in developing future disease management plans, such as plant breeding, altered planting schedules, chemical and biological control methods and increased monitoring for new disease threats.

https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02414.x

Climate change and diseases of food crops

Most plant viruses rely on vector organisms for their plant-to-plant spread. Although there are many different natural vectors, few plant virus–vector systems have been well studied. This review describes our current understanding of virus transmission by aphids, thrips, white- flies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, treehoppers, mites, nematodes, and zoosporic endoparasites. Strategies for control of vectors by host resis- tance, chemicals, and integrated pest management are reviewed. Many gaps in the knowledge of the transmission mechanisms and a lack of available host resistance to vectors are evident. Advances in genome sequencing and molecular technologies will help to address these prob- lems and will allow innovative control methods through interference with vector transmission. Improved knowledge of factors affecting pest and disease spread in different ecosystems for predictive modeling is also needed. Innovative control measures are urgently required because of the increased risks from vector-borne infections that arise from en- vironmental change.

Status and prospects of plant virus control through interference with vector transmission

Transmission of plant viruses.

Beet yellows virus (BYV) can dramatically reduce yield from sugar beet crops. A BYV resistant plant from a Beta germplasm accession was crossed with a sugar beet plant to generate the segregating population BYV1. This population was evaluated for BYV resistance and analysed with amplified fragment length polymorphism and single-nucleotide polymorphism markers to identify resistance loci. At 2 weeks after inoculation a number of plants displayed either mosaic or vein-clearing disease symptoms on infected leaves. The locus that largely controlled this disease reaction was mapped to chromosome IV. We refer to this novel genetic locus as Vc1. Three BYV resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified and mapped to chromosomes III, V and VI. QTL mapping results suggested that the chromosome III and V QTLs acted only in plants with mosaic symptoms and that the chromosome VI QTL acted only in plants with the mosaic symptom allele of Vc1. These findings agreed with further statistical tests using general linear model analysis. There is now the potential to breed for BYV resistance using molecular marker technology.

The action of three Beet yellows virus resistance QTLs depends on alleles at a novel genetic locus that controls symptom development

Preliminary investigations into the interactions between Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) in susceptible and rhizomania-resistant varieties

Pests and diseases in sugar beet in 2005

Pests and diseases in the USA

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