Sleep is characterized by synchronized events in billions of synaptically coupled neurons in thalamocortical systems. The activation of a series of neuromodulatory transmitter systems during awakening blocks low-frequency oscillations, induces fast rhythms, and allows the brain to recover full responsiveness. Analysis of cortical and thalamic networks at many levels, from molecules to single neurons to large neuronal assemblies, with a variety of techniques, ranging from intracellular recordings in vivo and in vitro to computer simulations, is beginning to yield insights into the mechanisms of the generation, modulation, and function of brain oscillations.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/262/5134/679.full.pdf

Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain

Central cholinergic pathways in the rat: an overview based on an alternative nomenclature (Ch1-Ch6).

In this first intracellular study of neocortical activities during waking and sleep states, we hypothesized that synaptic activities during natural states of vigilance have a decisive impact on the observed electrophysiological properties of neurons that were previously studied under anesthesia or in brain slices. We investigated the incidence of different firing patterns in neocortical neurons of awake cats, the relation between membrane potential fluctuations and firing rates, and the input resistance during all states of vigilance. In awake animals, the neurons displaying fast-spiking firing patterns were more numerous, whereas the incidence of neurons with intrinsically bursting patterns was much lower than in our previous experiments conducted on the intact-cortex or isolated cortical slabs of anesthetized cats. Although cortical neurons displayed prolonged hyperpolarizing phases during slow-wave sleep, the firing rates during the depolarizing phases of the slow sleep oscillation was as high during these epochs as during waking and rapid-eye-movement sleep. Maximum firing rates, exceeding those of regular-spiking neurons, were reached by conventional fast-spiking neurons during both waking and sleep states, and by fast-rhythmic-bursting neurons during waking. The input resistance was more stable and it increased during quiet wakefulness, compared with sleep states. As waking is associated with high synaptic activity, we explain this result by a higher release of activating neuromodulators, which produce an increase in the input resistance of cortical neurons. In view of the high firing rates in the functionally disconnected state of slow-wave sleep, we suggest that neocortical neurons are engaged in processing internally generated signals.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/jn.2001.85.5.1969

Natural waking and sleep states: a view from inside neocortical neurons.

Neural mechanisms underlying brain waves: from neural membranes to networks.

Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation.

Spontaneous firing and antidromically or synaptically evoked discharges of 89 single neurons in centralis lateralis-paracentralis (CL-Pc) intralaminar thalamic nuclei were examined during waking and sleep states in behaving cats with chronic pontine lesions. Twenty-four neurons were activated synaptically at short latencies from the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) after anterograde degeneration of passing fibers. Sixty-five neurons were identified antidromically as projecting to motor or parietal association cortical areas; of them, 23 also could be excited synaptically from the MRF. These neurons were regarded as possibly being involved in the transfer toward the neocortex of the tonic excitation from the MRF during EEG- desynchronized behavioral states. Rates of spontaneous discharge in CL- Pc neurons doubled from synchronized sleep (S) to either wakefulness (W) or desynchronized sleep (D). First order measures of discharge patterns indicated that interval modes in both W and D states (greater than 10 msec) are significantly different from those in S (2.5 msec). During S, the intervals found in the less than 5-msec class indicated the intraburst frequencies; a later minor mode (200 to 350 msec) reflected the interburst silent periods. All neurons tested for antidromic activation from cortical areas had enhanced responsiveness in both W and D states as compared to S sleep. In some cases, the enhanced antidromic excitability was observed in conjunction with a transformation from initial segment spikes during S to full spikes in EEG-desynchronized states. During both W and D states, compared to S sleep, the probability of monosynaptically elicited single discharges to MRF stimulation was increased, and the latency and duration of high frequency bursts evoked by MRF volleys were shortened. We conclude that the features of cortically projecting intralaminar neurons that relay MRF activity fit in well with their hypothesized role in the tonic activation processes that characterize both W and D states. Several lines of evidence suggest that sustained hyperpolarization prevails in intralaminar neurons during S sleep. This is the basic prerequisite for thalamic bursting. The effect of long lasting inhibitory potentials in thalamic neurons provides a mechanism for closing sensory channels during S sleep.

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/2/10/1387.full.pdf

Discharge rate and excitability of cortically projecting intralaminar thalamic neurons during waking and sleep states

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

M Steriade

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Discharge rate and excitability of cortically projecting intralaminar thalamic neurons during waking and sleep states